The Emergence of Monkeypox: A Global Health Threat

Sah, Ranjit; Mohanty, Aroop; Hada, Vivek; Singh, Parul; Govindaswamy, Aishwarya; Siddiq, Abdelmonem; Reda, Abdullah; Dhama, Kuldeep

doi:10.7759/cureus.29304

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(38 reference statements)

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“…Study with phytochemicals is missing in literature; however, our team has published several reviews and editorial paper on monkeypox outbreak with promising insight into future perspectives. [29][30][31][32][33][34] Our present study cannot be compared with previous studies as till date no in silico docking of MPXV with phytochemicals is reported.…”

Section: Molecular Docking Analysismentioning

confidence: 73%

Computational Purposing Phytochemicals against Cysteine Protease of Monkeypox Virus: An In-silico Approach

Bansal¹,

Gupta²,

Sangwan³

et al. 2022

J. Pure Appl. Microbiol.

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The development and evolution of viruses that cause disease have presented a formidable challenge to contemporary medicine and the global economy, not to mention a catastrophic risk to human health. Almost all of these viruses are zoonotic, meaning they were first identified in animals and then spread to humans. An emerging virus may cause only a few isolated instances, resulting in a limited outbreak, or it may cause widespread infection and spread to other parts of the world, triggering a full-blown epidemic. These kinds of emerging occurrences have occurred frequently and in many different forms during the past few decades. Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus, a member of the orthopox family that also includes variola, cowpox, and vaccinia. Both animals and humans can get infected by this virus. Similar to smallpox this disease shows less severe rashes and lower mortality rate. The outbreak of monkeypox was declared a global public health emergency by the World Health Organization in July 2022. Unknown mutations and variations are linked to the recent epidemic. Presently, FDA approved tecovirimat, cidofovir and brincidofovir are there in market to treat monkeypox virus. But there are some side effects of these drugs as they are synthetic. So, scientists are working on natural remedies that can be used as alternative to these drugs. In the present study virtual screening of phytochemicals (N-(2-Allylcarbamoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-3,4-dimethoxy-benzamide, 6-Dimethylaminonaphthene-1-sulfonicacid amide, Oleic Acid and dipentyl ester) from Allophylus serratus were employed against core viral cysteine proteases from monkeypox virus was done. The docking study revealed that selected ligands bind with target viral protein with binding affinity in the range of -5.0 to -6.7 kcal/mol. N-(2-Allylcarbamoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-3,4-dimethoxy-benzamide showed the highest binding affinity of -6.7 kcal/mol which can be investigated in the future to design potential drugs against monkeypox virus. Thus, this study foresees the possibility of bioactive phytochemicals functioning as template molecules for further experimental evaluation of their efficiency against monkeypox virus.

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Section: Molecular Docking Analysismentioning

confidence: 73%

Computational Purposing Phytochemicals against Cysteine Protease of Monkeypox Virus: An In-silico Approach

Bansal¹,

Gupta²,

Sangwan³

et al. 2022

J. Pure Appl. Microbiol.

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“…In contrast, fear of international flights suspension was reported as the less worrying factor among the study population and, the major worries during the COVID-19 were from the high mortality rates and morbidities associated with the disease [17,21]. Although there is not a specific vaccine that protects against MPXV, many orhtopoxvirus vaccines were found to cross-protect against MPXV by the antigenic similarity [22,23]. Smallpox vaccines have great efficacy in prevention of MPX infection with clinical effectiveness of about 85% [24].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…According to CDC, two smallpox vaccines (ACAM2000 AND JYNNEOS) are approved to be used in protection against both smallpox and MPX in the US [25]. Monkeypox vaccination can be given as either preexposure or post-exposure immunization [22,24,25]. While pre-exposure vaccination can reduce the risk of catching the infection, post-exposure vaccination within 4-14 days can ameliorate the symptoms of the disease and help the rapid recovery [24].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monkeypox Post COVID19: Knowledge, Worrying, and Vaccine Adoption of the Arabic General Population

Swed

Bohsas

Alibrahim

et al. 2022

Preprint

Self Cite

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Background: The outbreak of monkeypox was designated a global public health emergency by the World Health Organization on July 23, 2022. There have been more reported 60000 cases worldwide, most of which are in places where monkeypox has never been seen due to the travel of people who have the virus. This research aims to evaluate the Arabic general population on monkeypox disease, fears, and vaccine adoption after the WHO proclaimed a monkeypox epidemic and to compare these attitudes to those of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in some Arabic countries (Syria, Egypt, Qatar, Yemen, Jordan, Sudan, Algeria, and Iraq) between August 18 and September 7, 2022 to examine the Arabic people perspectives on monkeypox disease, fears, and vaccine adoption and to compare these attitudes to those of the COVID-19 pandemic. The inclusion criteria were the general public residing in Arabic nations and older than 18. This questionnaire has 32 questions separated into three sections: sociodemographic variables, prior COVID-19 exposure, and COVID-19 vaccination history. The second portion assesses knowledge and anxieties about monkeypox, while the third section includes the generalized anxiety disorder (GAD7) scale. Logistic regression analysis were performed to compute the adjusted odds ratios (aOR), and their confidence intervals (95%CI) using STATA (version 17.0) Results: A total of 3665 respondents from 17 Arabic countries were involved in this study. Almost two third (n= 2427, 66.2%) of participants expressed more worried about COVID -19 than monkeypox diseases. Regarding the major cause for concern about monkeypox, 39.5% of participants attributed their anxiety they or a member of their family may contract the illness, while 38.4% were concerned about another worldwide pandemic of monkeypox. According to the GAD 7 score, 71.7% of respondents showed very low anxiety toward monkeypox. 43.8% of the participants scored poor levels of knowledge about monkeypox disease. Participants with previous COVID-19 infection showed greater acceptance to receive the monkeypox vaccine 1.206 times than those with no previous infection. A higher concern for the monkeypox than COVID-19 was shown by the participants who perceived monkeypox as dangerous and virulent 3.097 times than those who didn’t. Participants who have a chronic disease (aOR: 1.32; 95%CI: 1.09-1.60); participants worried about monkeypox (aOR: 1.21; 95%CI: 1.04-1.40); and perceived monkeypox as a dangerous and virulent disease (aOR: 2.25; 95%CI: 1.92-2.65); and excellent knowledge level (aOR: 2.28; 95%CI: 1.79-2.90) have emerged as significant predictors. Conclusion: Our study reported that three fourth of the participants were more concerned about COVID-19 than monkeypox disease. As well, most of the participants have inadequate levels of knowledge regarding monkeypox disease. Hence immediate action should be taken to address this problem. Consequently, it is crucial to learn about monkeypox and spread information about its prevention.

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“…Most mpox infections are mild and resolve without specific therapies within 2-4 weeks following infection 11 . Primary treatment upon hospitalization has consisted of supportive management of mucosal lesion pain, proctitis, and mitigation of secondary infections of the skin 18,19 . Considerations for general pain control include overthe-counter medications (OTC) such as acetaminophen and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).…”

Section: Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In August 2022, an Emergency Use Authorization issued by FDA approved the vaccination for mpox 28 . However, there have been reports of injection site pain, redness, and swelling 18 . Unlike ACAM2000, extensive trials regarding adverse events have yet to be conducted 27 , which is another area that requires additional research.…”

Section: Vaccinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The 2022 Global Monkeypox Outbreak: A Focused Review

Oprea¹,

Cerri-Droz²,

Khanna³

2022

J Dermatol & Skin Sci

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The first human infection with monkeypox virus was reported in 1970, and infections have subsequently been recorded in endemic areas such as Central and West Africa or linked to international travel to these regions. However, the emergence of the 2022 monkeypox outbreak has involved multiple non-endemic countries and continents without links to travel to endemic areas. The first cases in the current outbreak were reported in May of 2022. The primary mode of transmission is atypical and is thought to occur through direct contact with infected skin lesions. The rapid increase in case numbers prompted the World Health Organization to declare this disease outbreak as a public health emergency of international concern. Robust efforts are being made by global public health authorities to develop effective antiviral treatment options and vaccination strategies to reduce the spread of this disease. The objective of this manuscript is to provide a comprehensive review of the 2022 mpox outbreak with respect to its unique epidemiology, clinical features, complications, and management options.

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The Emergence of Monkeypox: A Global Health Threat

Cited by 13 publications

References 36 publications

Computational Purposing Phytochemicals against Cysteine Protease of Monkeypox Virus: An In-silico Approach

Computational Purposing Phytochemicals against Cysteine Protease of Monkeypox Virus: An In-silico Approach

Monkeypox Post COVID19: Knowledge, Worrying, and Vaccine Adoption of the Arabic General Population

The 2022 Global Monkeypox Outbreak: A Focused Review

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