The Emergence of Kidney Stone Disease During Childhood—Impact on Adults

Abstract

Among pediatric patients, kidney stone disease has been increasing at a rate of approximately 5-10% annually. Kidney stone disease has been associated with increased risks of coronary heart disease, chronic kidney disease, hypertension, and decreased bone mineral density, which is concerning for patients diagnosed at a young age. Improvements in endo-urology have allowed for less invasive surgical treatment of stones in the pediatric population. However, current guidelines often lack recommendations for evaluation, medical, and surgical management of children with kidney stone disease. Nephrolithiasis is a disorder of mineral metabolism, which is beginning during childhood with increasing frequency. Kidney stone disease often exists over the lifetime and is associated with serious conditions that are important for pediatric and adult urologists to recognize and consider in their evaluation and treatment of patients.

Can Dual Energy CT with Fast kV-Switching Determine Renal Stone Composition Accurately?

“…Non-contrast computed tomography is the first-line imaging modality for patients with acute flank pain (1)(2)(3). However, the associated radiation risk remains a concern, particularly as the incidence of renal stones has increased over the recent years due to increasing levels of obesity and lifestyle changes both among children and adults (4)(5)(6). The chemical components of renal stones vary depending on the underlying causal agent.…”

Retrograde intrarenal surgery in the management of solitary large renal stones, 2-3 cm: a single center experience

“…Moreover, it is characterized by increasing annual incidence and annual management costs over the past decades. 1,2 Furthermore, it is associated with high recurrence rates (60%) within a decade after initial treatment. 3 Several factors may play a role in the pathogenesis of renal stones including diet, geography, temperature variation, fluids intake, genetics, gender, comorbidities, age and occupation.…”

Renal stone detection using a low kilo‐voltage paediatric CT protocol – a porcine phantom study

“…Over the past decades, the incidence of paediatric and adolescent renal stones has increased globally resulting in a greater risk of renal stone‐related morbidity and recurrences in adulthood. 1 , 2 , 3 This increasing incidence is clearly reflected in the number of paediatric stone treatments undertaken locally in the Region of Southern Denmark, with 12 surgeries recorded in children <18 years of age in 2014 and 89 in 2019 (extract from Hospital records). Depending on the underlying cause of stone formation, paediatric patients will have to be monitored for recurrence over several years.…”