The emergence and influence of internal states

Flavell, Steven W.; Gogolla, Nadine; Lovett-Barron, Matthew; Zelikowsky, Moriel

doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2022.04.030

Cited by 100 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 341 publications

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“…We performed additional experiments to directly test whether changing the animal’s behavioral state could elicit a synchronous encoding change across neurons. Behavioral states are typically defined as persistent changes in behavior that outlast the sensory stimuli that initiate them (Anderson and Adolphs, 2014; Flavell et al, 2022). Previous work has shown that aversive stimuli can induce this type of behavioral change in C. elegans (Ardiel et al, 2017; Byrne Rodgers and Ryu, 2020; Chew et al, 2018).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We performed additional experiments to directly test whether changing the animal's behavioral state could elicit a synchronous encoding change across neurons. Behavioral states are typically defined as persistent changes in behavior that outlast the sensory stimuli that initiate them (Anderson and Adolphs, 2014;Flavell et al, 2022).…”

Section: An Atlas Of How the Defined Neuron Types In The C Elegans Co...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Brain-wide representations of behavior spanning multiple timescales and states inC. elegans

Atanas

Kim

Wang

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Changes in an animal's behavior and internal state are accompanied by widespread changes in activity across its brain. However, how neurons across the brain encode behavior and how this is impacted by state is poorly understood. We recorded brain-wide activity and the diverse motor programs of freely-moving C. elegans and built probabilistic models that explain how each neuron encodes quantitative features of the animal's behavior. By determining the identities of the recorded neurons, we created, for the first time, an atlas of how the defined neuron classes in the C. elegans connectome encode behavior. Many neuron classes have conjunctive representations of multiple behaviors. Moreover, while many neurons encode current motor actions, others encode recent actions. Changes in behavioral state are accompanied by widespread changes in how neurons encode behavior, and we identify these flexible nodes in the connectome. Our results provide a global map of how the cell types across an animal's brain encode its behavior.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: An Atlas Of How the Defined Neuron Types In The C Elegans Co...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain-wide representations of behavior spanning multiple timescales and states inC. elegans

Atanas

Kim

Wang

et al. 2022

Preprint

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Rapid, moment to moment fluctuations in arousal state occur across species, from mice to humans, and have a significant impact on both cortical (and subcortical) activity and the ability to perform behavioral tasks (reviewed in McCormick, Nestvogel, and He 2020; Flavell et al 2022; Lee and Dan 2012). In mice, rapid behavioral state fluctuations are coupled with broad changes in cortical excitation and are often accompanied by changes in arousal (pupil diameter), or movement (locomotion or orofacial movement; (Salkoff et al 2020; McGinley, David, and McCormick 2015; McGinley et al 2015; Musall et al 2019; Stringer et al 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cholinergic and noradrenergic axonal activity contains a behavioral-state signal that is coordinated across the dorsal cortex

Collins

Francis

Emanuel

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Fluctuations in brain and behavioral state are supported by broadly projecting neuromodulatory systems. In this study, we use mesoscale two-photon calcium imaging to examine spontaneous activity of cholinergic and noradrenergic axons in awake mice, in order to determine the interaction between arousal/movement state transitions and neuromodulatory activity across the dorsal cortex at distances separated by up to 4 mm. We confirm that GCaMP6s activity within axonal projections of both basal forebrain cholinergic and locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons track arousal, indexed as pupil diameter, and changes in behavioral engagement, as reflected by bouts of whisker movement and/or locomotion. The broad coordination in activity between even distant axonal segments indicates that both of these systems can operate in a global fashion, especially in relation to changes in behavioral state. In addition to this broadly coordinated activity, we also find that a subpopulation of both cholinergic and noradrenergic axons exhibit heterogeneity in activity that appears to be independent of our measures of behavioral state. By monitoring the activity of cholinergic interneurons in the cortex we found that a subpopulation of these cells exhibit state-dependent (arousal/movement) activity. These results demonstrate that cholinergic and noradrenergic systems not only provide a prominent and broadly synchronized signal related to behavioral state, but may also provide more heterogeneous activity independent of this general signal. Together, these two systems may prepare the cortex for both broad behavioral state transitions as well as regionally or temporally specific cortical dynamics.

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“…Decades of experimental work has identified neuronal populations that can induce internal states ( Flavell et al, 2022 ). For example, NPY/AgRP neurons in the hypothalamus drive behavioral changes typical of hunger ( Aponte et al, 2011 ; Clark et al, 1984 ; Krashes et al, 2011 ; Luquet et al, 2005 ), neurons in the lamina terminalis drive those typical of thirst ( Johnson and Gross, 1993 ; Oka et al, 2015 ), and subpopulations of neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus drive aggressive behaviors ( Kruk et al, 1983 ; Lin et al, 2011 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diverse states and stimuli tune olfactory receptor expression levels to modulate food-seeking behavior

McLachlan

Kramer

Dua

et al. 2022

eLife

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Animals must weigh competing needs and states to generate adaptive behavioral responses to the environment. Sensorimotor circuits are thus tasked with integrating diverse external and internal cues relevant to these needs to generate context-appropriate behaviors. However, the mechanisms that underlie this integration are largely unknown. Here, we show that a wide range of states and stimuli converge upon a single Caenorhabditis elegans olfactory neuron to modulate food-seeking behavior. Using an unbiased ribotagging approach, we find that the expression of olfactory receptor genes in the AWA olfactory neuron is influenced by a wide array of states and stimuli, including feeding state, physiological stress, and recent sensory cues. We identify odorants that activate these state-dependent olfactory receptors and show that altered expression of these receptors influences food-seeking and foraging. Further, we dissect the molecular and neural circuit pathways through which external sensory information and internal nutritional state are integrated by AWA. This reveals a modular organization in which sensory and state-related signals arising from different cell types in the body converge on AWA and independently control chemoreceptor expression. The synthesis of these signals by AWA allows animals to generate sensorimotor responses that reflect the animal’s overall state. Our findings suggest a general model in which sensory- and state-dependent transcriptional changes at the sensory periphery modulate animals’ sensorimotor responses to meet their ongoing needs and states.

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The emergence and influence of internal states

Cited by 100 publications

References 341 publications

Brain-wide representations of behavior spanning multiple timescales and states inC. elegans

Brain-wide representations of behavior spanning multiple timescales and states inC. elegans

Cholinergic and noradrenergic axonal activity contains a behavioral-state signal that is coordinated across the dorsal cortex

Diverse states and stimuli tune olfactory receptor expression levels to modulate food-seeking behavior

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