The embryology of the unionidae. <i>A study in cell‐lineage</i>

Lillie, Frank R.

doi:10.1002/jmor.1050100102

Cited by 101 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…(Lambert, 2009) Nagy, 2001, 2003;Koop et al, 2007). freshwater bivalve Unio (Lillie, 1895). Additional work was carried out by their counterparts in Europe (e.g., Heymons, 1893;Wierzejski, 1905).…”

Section: (B) Though All Four Macromeres Are Capable Of Becoming 3dmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…He referred to these presumed homologies as a form of "ancestral reminiscence." Frank Rattray Lillie (1895, 1899, see Maienschein, 1978 on the other hand noticed interesting differences that led him to understand how specific changes are adaptive to the needs of the organism as it fills a particular niche. For instance, two cells in the embryo of the freshwater clam Unio are very large (2d and 2a) and consequently these cells contribute to substantially larger structures in the specialized glocidium larvae (which include the hooked larval valves (shell), and the adductor muscle, respectively).…”

Section: Evolution Of the Spiral Cleavage Programmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spiralian model systems

Henry¹

2014

Int. J. Dev. Biol.

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The "Spiralia" represent one of the three major clades of bilaterian metazoans. Though members of this clade exhibit tremendous diversity in terms of their larval and adult body plans, many share a highly conserved early pattern of development involving a stereotypic cleavage program referred to as spiral cleavage. This group therefore represents an excellent one in which to undertake comparative studies to understand the origins of such diversity from a seemingly common ground plan. These organisms also present varied and diverse modes in terms of their ecology, development and life history strategies. A number of well established and emerging model systems have been developed to undertake studies at the molecular, genetic, cell and organismal levels. The Special Issue of the Int. J. Dev. Biol. entitled "Spiralian Model Systems" focuses on these organisms and here, I introduce this clade, pointing out different types of studies being undertaken with representative spiralian model systems. KEY WORDS: bilaterian metazoan, spiral cleavage, life history strategyThe Spiralia (Lophotrochozoa)Of the three major clades of bilaterians, the Spiralia (Lophotrochozoa) comprise nearly half of the extant metazoan phyla (see Fig. 1). Despite this fact, the group has received relatively little attention compared to the other two clades, the deuterostomes and ecdysozoans, notably in the areas of genetics, as well as molecular, cellular and developmental biology. This is due in part to the long standing predominance of key experimental models positioned within the Ecdysozoa, (e.g., the fruit fly Drosophila and the nematode, C. elegans), and the Deuterostomia, (e.g., chordates such as the Zebrafish and mouse, as well as a few invertebrate representatives from the Echinodermata).The Spiralia include 14 of roughly 36 metazoan phyla (Fig. 1). The Spiralia include the Lophotrochozoa, and sometimes these terms have been used synonomously. The clade "Lophotrochozoa" was first recognized by Halanych et al., (1995, see also Giribet et al., 2007 Helmkampf et al., 2008a,b;Dunn et al., 2008;Hejnol et al., 2009; Edgecomb et al., 2011) who showed that the Lophophorata (consisting of groups possessing characteristic ciliated feeding structures, such as brachiopods and phoronids), are clearly united with other protostome phyla that include annelids, molluscs, and nemerteans. The Spiralia, however, encompass an even larger group of metazoans, and the exact relationships amongst the Spiralia are, however, not fully resolved. The consensus from recent analyses suggest that there are two large sub-groups (clades). One group is the "Trochozoa," (Roule, 1891), which include Annelida, Int. J. Dev. Biol. 58: 389-401 (2014) doi: 10.1387/ijdb.140127jh Mollusca, Nemertea, as the "Eutrochozoa", together with the "Brachiozoa" (see Cavalier-Smith, 1998), comprised of Brachiopoda and Phoronida, and the "Polyzoa" (Funch and Kristensen 1995;Passamaneck and Halanych 2006; Helmkampf et al., 2008a,b;Edgecombe et al., 2011) consisting of the Bryozoa, E...

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Section: (B) Though All Four Macromeres Are Capable Of Becoming 3dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Evolution Of the Spiral Cleavage Programmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spiralian model systems

Henry¹

2014

Int. J. Dev. Biol.

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“…The basal pole of the oocyte normally becomes the blastoporal (vegetative) pole of the embryo and the apical pole becomes the apical (animal) pole where the polar bodies are given off. The orientation of the first cleavage spindle can be influenced experimentally, and the orientation of the cleavages follows the new orientation (Lillie, 1895;Guerrier, '68, '70). Oocyte development is arrested at some stage of the first meiotic division, so the polar bodies are not given off until just after fertilization (Longo,'83).…”

Section: Orientation Of the Embryo; Regulative Powersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both Dreissena (Meisenheimer,'01) and Unio (Lillie, 1895) show the shell gland developing from the 2d-cell, in Unio especially from 2d 111 already at the gastrula stage. The gland was so large that it was sometimes confused with the archenteron.…”

Section: Mantle and Shell(s)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Trochophora larvae: Cell‐lineages, ciliary bands, and body regions. 1. Annelida and Mollusca

2004

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The trochophora concept and the literature on cleavage patterns and differentiation of ectodermal structures in annelids (''polychaetes'') and molluscs are reviewed. The early development shows some variation within both phyla, and the cephalopods have a highly modified development. Nevertheless, there are conspicuous similarities between the early development of the two phyla, related to the highly conserved spiral cleavage pattern. Apical and cerebral ganglia have almost identical origin in the two phyla, and the cell-lineage of the prototroch is identical, except for minor variations between species. The cell-lineage of the metatrochs is almost unknown, but the telotroch of annelids and the ''telotroch'' of the gastropod Patella originate from the 2d-cell, as does the gastrotroch in the few species which have been studied. The segmented annelid body, i.e. the region behind the peristome, develops through addition of new ectoderm from a ring of 2d-cells just in front of the telotroch. This whole region is thus derived from 2d-cells. Conversely, the mollusc body is covered by descendants of cells from both the C and D quadrants and a growth zone is not apparent. This supports the notion that the molluscs are not segmented like the annelids, and that the repeated structures seen in polyplacophorans and monplacophorans do not represent a segmentation homologous to that of the annelids.

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“…To address this question ,we first investigated how the bilaterally separated shell plates developed through the modification of shell development. Over 100 years ago, Lillie [1] and Meisenheimer [2] reported a pattern of spiral cleavage in bivalves. Most molluscan species exhibit spiral cleavage, wherein the animal blastomeres are smaller than the vegetal blastomeres.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lineage tracing of the bivalve shell field with special interest in the descendants of the 2d blastomere

Mohri¹,

Hashimoto²,

Wada³

2016

Biol. Lett.

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By evolving bilaterally separated shell plates, bivalves acquired a unique body plan in which their soft tissues are completely protected by hard shell plates. In this unique body plan, mobility between the separated shell plates is provided by novel structures such as a ligament and adductor muscles. As a first step towards understanding how the bivalve body plan was established, we investigated the development of the separated shell plates and ligament. Over 100 years ago, it was hypothesized that the development of separated shell plates is tightly linked with the unique cell cleavage (division) pattern of bivalves during development, wherein each bilateral daughter cell of the 2d descendant 2d1121 develops into one of the bilateral shell fields. In this study, we tested this hypothesis by tracing the cell lineages of the Japanese purple mussel Septifer virgatus. Although the shell fields were found to be exclusively derived from the bilateral descendant cells of 2d: 2d 11211 and 2d 11212, the descendants of these cells were not restricted to shell fields alone, nor were they confined to the left or right side of the shell field based on their lineage. Our study demonstrated that ligament cells are also derived from 2d 11211 and 2d 11212, indicating that the ligament cells emerged as a subpopulation of shell field cells. This also suggests that the establishment of the novel developmental system for the ligament cells was critical for the evolution of the unique body plan of bivalves.

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The embryology of the unionidae. A study in cell‐lineage

Cited by 101 publications

References 9 publications

Spiralian model systems

Spiralian model systems

Trochophora larvae: Cell‐lineages, ciliary bands, and body regions. 1. Annelida and Mollusca

Lineage tracing of the bivalve shell field with special interest in the descendants of the 2d blastomere

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