The Elucidation of Total Polyphenols, Individual Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant Activity of Three Underutilized Fruit Species—Black Crowberry, Honeyberry, European Cranberry with Their Accumulation

Abstract

Total polyphenols content (TPC), antioxidant activity (AA) and polyphenolic spectrum assay of three underutilized fruit species—black crowberry (Empetrum nigrum), honeyberry (Lonicera kamtschatica) and European cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos) is the aim of the present work. TPC and AA assay was performed by spectrophotometry and “individual phenolic compounds” were established by high-performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that TPC ranged from 1.61 ± 0.16 (European cranberry) up to 5.65 ± 0.01 (Black cowberry) gallic acid mg/g fresh weight. The highest value of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay was determined in black crowberry fruit (7.43 ± 0.34 mmol TROLOX/g fresh weight of fruit). In all samples, the most prevalent phenolic acid was ferulic acid with the highest content in the samples of black crowberry (77.73 ± 3.99 µg/g FW of fruit), black crowberry and honeyberry were present by the highest level of gallic acid (21.82 ± 1.53; 15.07 ± 2.45 µg/g FW of fruit). Honeyberry represented a valuable source of quercetin (12.18 ± 7.88 µg/g FW of fruit), whereas European cranberry and honeyberry are a source of rutin (28.48 ± 0.83 and 27.99 ± 1.78 µg/g FW of fruit, respectively). The results of statistical analyses proved significant differences between cowberry and European cranberry in TPC content and in AA among assayed species. In the same way, statistically significant differences were confirmed in phenolic acids among the assayed species except for European cranberry-honeyberry (in trans p-coumaric, protocatequic and cinnamic acid) and honeyberry-cowberry (in cinnamic acid content). The catechin content is significantly influenced by species (p ≤ 0.05), on the other hand the species has no influence on the resveratrol content (p > 0.05). Each of the studied species can be considered as valuable source of total polyphenols and individual phenolic compounds. Polyphenolic compounds were most frequently accumulated in the vacuole as well as in the outer layers of pericarp.

Caesalpinia palmeri: First Report on the Phenolic Compounds Profile, Antioxidant and Cytotoxicity Effect

“…Different studies have demonstrated that phenolic compounds significantly increase the antioxidant capacity of natural products. [42] This behavior was observed in the present study, with a correlation found between high phenolic concentration and high antioxidant capacity. Correlation analyses showed high values between phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity (DPPH, ABTS, ORAC and FRAP) of extracts (r = 0.98 in all cases, Figure 3) and flower fractions (0.97 to 0.99, Figure 4).…”

Diversity of Phytochemical and Antioxidant Characteristics of Black Mulberry (Morus nigra L.) Fruits from Turkey

“…The filtrates were combined and diluted with 80% ethanol to 100 mL, and the obtained extract was used for the determination. The quantification fruit phenolics was determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu method [ 25 ], with some modifications. An total of 1 mL of extract with 20 mL of deionized water and 1 mL of Folin–Ciocalteu’s reagent was mixed.…”

Optimization of Encapsulation by Ionic Gelation Technique of Cryoconcentrated Solution: A Response Surface Methodology and Evaluation of Physicochemical Characteristics Study

“…The GA content in the initial solution, cryoconcentration samples, and beads was quantified by the Folin-Ciocalteu assay [32], with slight modifications. Specifically, 100 µL of solution was mixed with 7900 µL of deionized water, and then, 500 µL of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent was added.…”