The Electrooxidation of Pyrrole, Indole, Carbazole, and Their Derivatives

(S)‐norlaudanosoline synthase: The first enzyme in the benzylisoquinoline biosynthetic pathway

“…This substrate specificity rules out the long discussed possibility [5,[8][9][10]201 that position 1 of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids and any substituent thereon are biogenetically derived from the appropriate keto acid via a Pictet-Spengler ring closure reaction. The observed metabolization of chemically synthetized norlaudanosoline-1-carboxylic acid, which we now believe to be an unnatural compound, to different alkaloids in vivo [5,8,21] may be due to the fact that this amino acid easily undergoes oxidative decarboxylation either in air under slightly basic conditions [5,22] or by enzymes which occur widely in plant cells, such as peroxidases or laccases [23]. The observation that labelled dopa and dopamine were incorporated into norlaudanosoline-lcarboxylic acid in papaver plants in vivo or in papaver latex [5] may be due to the easiness of chemical condensation of dopamine with 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpyruvate which both exist in the plant.…”

Voltammetric Characterization and Amperometric Detection of β‐Carboline Alkaloids at Carbon Nanotube‐Modified Electrodes

“…This is probably due to the poor sensitivity associated with the use of the conventional electrode materials. The voltammetric behavior of various b-carboline alkaloids at a platinum electrode was firstly studied by Allen and Powell [10] and the overall mechanistic aspects were further discussed [11]. More recently, the electrochemical oxidation of 6-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-b-carboline was also investigated using a pyrolytic graphite electrode [12].…”

Functional Geonic Analysis of Breast Cancer Cell Tumorigenicity Using a Noval Gene Silencing Resource

“…States were formed by people to fulfill their need for security and any state that cannot protect its citizens from crime nor protect its homeland from attack by other states would have ceased to fulfill its basic reason for being." 75 One doesn't win wars by crushing an opponent's technology, one wins wars "by steadily reducing an opponent's physical and mental capability to resist, one ultimately crushes his moral will to resist as well." 76 Technology may be required to achieve that goal, but even Guilmartin's prehistoric warrior with his copper-headed mace hero understood implicitly that success in war was determined not just by strength and technological advantage alone, but by the effective application of those qualities in human context."…”

“…U.S. strategy in that conflict relied on mass attrition and viewing the enemy as a set of targets, but the U.S. soon "discovered that strategy, as taught at staff and war colleges, was inadequate for understanding 'a war without fronts,' let alone for successfully waging it." 94 As each technological advancement in war has been introduced, there has been a need to keep the skills that the new advanced technology was meant to replace or enhance. Sir Michael Howard reminds us that, "in spite of all the technology of the industrial and post-industrial age, does there not still lie at the core of all warfare a need to engage in the primitive encounters of the agrarian age?…”