The electroolfactogram: A review of its history and uses

Scott, John W.; Scott-Johnson, Pamela E.

doi:10.1002/jemt.10133

Cited by 134 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 126 publications

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“…The peripheral and centrifugal inputs and the intrinsic circuits together decide the OB activity. Although the effect of anesthesia on the peripheral inputs is negligible (42), it is more significant for the central processes (1,19). The OB receives modulatory inputs from several nuclei (16)(17)(18)43) and heavy feedback inputs from many cortices (11,43,44).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain-state–independent neural representation of peripheral stimulation in rat olfactory bulb

Gong

2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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It is critical for normal brains to perceive the external world precisely and accurately under ever-changing operational conditions, yet the mechanisms underlying this fundamental brain function in the sensory systems are poorly understood. To address this issue in the olfactory system, we investigated the responses of olfactory bulbs to odor stimulations under different brain states manipulated by anesthesia levels. Our results revealed that in two brain states, where the spontaneous baseline activities differed about twofold based on the local field potential (LFP) signals, the levels of neural activities reached after the same odor stimulation had no significant difference. This phenomenon was independent of anesthetics (pentobarbital or chloral hydrate), stimulating odorants (ethyl propionate, ethyl butyrate, ethyl valerate, amyl acetate, n-heptanal, or 2-heptanone), odor concentrations, and recording sites (the mitral or granular cell layers) for LFPs in three frequency bands and for multiunit activities. Furthermore, the activity patterns of the same stimulation under these two brain states were highly similar at both LFP and multiunit levels. These converging results argue the existence of mechanisms in the olfactory bulbs that ensure the delivery of peripheral olfactory information to higher olfactory centers with high fidelity under different brain states.T he ability to perceive the ever-changing external world accurately and precisely is a basic brain function. It is critical for daily life, survival, and higher brain functions, such as making decisions, plans, and judgments. However, the brain itself operates in ever-changing states (1, 2) or baselines (3) that are constantly modulated by external and internal factors, such as physical, physiological, psychological, clinical, and metabolic conditions. Therefore, elucidation of how sensory systems represent the same sensory information to the brain under different operational states is fundamental to understanding the related brain functions (1, 4-6).The olfactory system, as the most direct and intrinsic sensory module (1,7,8), provides a unique model to study the principles and functional mechanisms of the brain. The peripheral olfactory information takes just one synapse to enter the olfactory bulb (OB) in the brain. The OB outputs directly to the olfactory cortices that mostly belong to the limbic system. As a center to code and process the peripheral olfactory inputs and a hub to distribute the processed information to the olfactory cortices (9-11), the OB consists of laminar structures, from the outer surface to the inner core: the olfactory nerve, glomerular, external plexiform, mitral cell layer (MCL), and granular cell (GCL) layer. All peripheral olfactory input is received by a few thousand glomeruli, which generate an odor-specific spatiotemporal activity pattern across the glomerular layer (10, 12, 13). The information is mainly processed in the external plexiform layer that contains a dense dendrodendritic network formed between the secon...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain-state–independent neural representation of peripheral stimulation in rat olfactory bulb

Gong

2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…EOG experiments were carried out according to the methods described by Scott and Scott-Johnson (2002). Fish were anaesthetized in 0.05 ml/L eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol, Wako Pure Chemical Ins., Ltd., Osaka, Japan), immobilized by intramuscular injection of gallamine triethiodide (Sigma Chemical Co., St Louis, USA) at a concentration of 3 mg/kg body weight, and then placed in a holder on a vibration isolation table.…”

Section: Electrophysiological Electro-olfactogram (Eog) Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of aggressive interaction on downstream movement and olfactory function in masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou

Lee¹,

Ueda

2012

Aquaculture

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In the present study, behavioral, electrophysiological, and molecular biological experiments were developed to examine the role of aggressive interaction ("fighting experience") on downstream movement and olfactory function in relation to smoltification in hatchery-reared one-year-old masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou). Individual salmon that lost the fighting contest in April and May moved downstream earlier than the winners. The olfactory response to salinity sensitivity of the losers, measured by electro-olfactogram to 10 -1 M sodium chloride, was significantly higher than that of the winners during the period from April to June. In May, the olfactory response to imprinting activity of the losers, previously exposed for one week to 10 -4 M L-glutamic acid was significantly high, and the salmon olfactory imprinting-related gene was also highly expressed. During the smoltification period, losing the aggressive interaction might exert strong influences on downstream movement and olfactory function in masu salmon. The present newly developed experiments provide new evidence for evaluating the relation between the aggressive interaction and the smoltification in masu salmon.3

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“…In order to further investigate the various gaps outlined above, we employed electro-olfactography (EOG), a technique that measures changes in the extracellular field potential at the OE due to the addition of an odourant (Scott and Scott-Johnson, 2002) and a behavioural assay. These two techniques were used to investigate various aspects of the response of fathead minnows to calcium.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smelling salt: Calcium as an odourant for fathead minnows

Dew

Pyle

2014

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular &

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This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues.Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. Calcium plays an essential role in olfactory sensory neuron function. Studies with fish have indicated that in addition to being involved in olfactory signalling, calcium is itself an odourant. In this study we used fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and employed two different techniques; electro-olfactography (EOG), a neurophysiological technique that measures olfactory acuity at the olfactory epithelium, and a behavioural choice assay using a trough maze. The results demonstrate that calcium and a known odourant L-arginine are cross-adaptive, that calcium induces an EOG response in a concentration-dependent manner, and that calcium induces a strong avoidance behaviour. The behavioural avoidance was also demonstrated to be olfactorydependent. Taken together, the results demonstrate that calcium is a potent odourant for fathead minnows. Being able to smell calcium may represent an ability to sense and avoid areas with significant changes in ionic strength, thereby avoiding physiological stress.

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The electroolfactogram: A review of its history and uses

Cited by 134 publications

References 126 publications

Brain-state–independent neural representation of peripheral stimulation in rat olfactory bulb

Brain-state–independent neural representation of peripheral stimulation in rat olfactory bulb

Effects of aggressive interaction on downstream movement and olfactory function in masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou

Smelling salt: Calcium as an odourant for fathead minnows

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