The electronic-cigarette: Effects on desire to smoke, withdrawal symptoms and cognition

Dawkins, Lynne; Turner, John; Hasna, Surrayyah; Soar, Kirstie

doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.03.004

Cited by 158 publications

(144 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The highly significant reduction in desire to smoke, despite the fact that participants were unable to accurately detect on which occasion they had received nicotine, is consistent with previous studies that the nicotine e-cigarette is capable of reducing tobacco craving in abstinent smokers (Bullen et al 2010;Dawkins et al 2012;Vansickel et al 2010). Total MPSS scores were also significantly lower in the nicotine versus the placebo condition consistent with an attenuating effect of the nicotine e-cigarette on tobacco-related withdrawal symptoms.…”

supporting

confidence: 86%

“…Likewise, alleviation of withdrawal symptoms did not always differ between placebo and nicotine ecigarette conditions (Bullen et al 2010;Dawkins et al 2012). Dawkins et al (2012) observed a significant reduction in anxiety, poor concentration, irritability and restlessness with nicotine versus placebo e-cigarette but this was only in males. This study was also the first to explore effects of the e-cigarette on cognition by including tasks tapping attention/speed of processing (letter cancellation) and working memory.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Reports regarding delivery to the blood stream are inconsistent; three human studies reported very low blood nicotine levels in naive users (Bullen et al 2010;Eissenberg 2010;Vansickel et al 2010) whilst significant increases in salivary cotinine (a nicotine metabolite; Etter and Bullen 2011b) and blood nicotine levels (Vansickel and Eissenberg 2012) have been shown in regular users. E-cigarettes have been observed to reduce craving/desire to smoke in naive 6 users (Bullen et al 2010;Dawkins et al 2012;Vansickel et al 2010) but in some cases, this was also found with the placebo (0mg nicotine) e-cigarette (Dawkins et al 2012). Likewise, alleviation of withdrawal symptoms did not always differ between placebo and nicotine ecigarette conditions (Bullen et al 2010;Dawkins et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…E-cigarettes have been observed to reduce craving/desire to smoke in naive 6 users (Bullen et al 2010;Dawkins et al 2012;Vansickel et al 2010) but in some cases, this was also found with the placebo (0mg nicotine) e-cigarette (Dawkins et al 2012). Likewise, alleviation of withdrawal symptoms did not always differ between placebo and nicotine ecigarette conditions (Bullen et al 2010;Dawkins et al 2012). Dawkins et al (2012) observed a significant reduction in anxiety, poor concentration, irritability and restlessness with nicotine versus placebo e-cigarette but this was only in males.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…13 This has been demonstrated using a number of different paradigms, including retrieval induced forgetting (Edginton and Rusted 2003), the antisaccade task (Dawkins et al 2007), the n-back task (Ernst et al 2001) and most recently by Dawkins et al (2012) using the Trigram working memory task in which the nicotine e-cigarette improved performance when the demands of the task increased, stretching resources. Nevertheless, this conclusion remains speculative pending replication of this study, utilizing more effortful ongoing tasks in order to reduce the high scores observed on the event-based tasks.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Nicotine derived from the electronic cigarette improves time-based prospective memory in abstinent smokers

2013

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Rationale: It is well-established that nicotine improves, and deprivation impairs, cognitive performance and mood in smokers. Prospective memory (PM), remembering to execute a delayed intention at a given time point, is under-explored in smokers. Whilst a handful of studies have shown improved PM with nicotine, effects of nicotine delivered via the electronic cigarette have not been investigated.Objective: This study explores whether, by comparison with placebo, nicotine delivered via the e-cigarette can improve PM, tobacco withdrawal symptoms and desire to smoke in abstinent smokers.Methods: Twenty smokers, abstinent for 8-10 hours, each completed two experimental sessions under nicotine (18mg) and placebo (0mg) e-cigarette conditions. Participants completed a single-item desire to smoke scale and the Mood and Physical Symptoms Scale (MPSS). PM was measured using the Cambridge Prospective Memory Test (CAMPROMPT).Results: Compared with placebo, the nicotine e-cigarette reduced desire to smoke and tobacco withdrawal symptoms, and improved time-based but not event-based PM. There was a moderate, marginally significant negative correlation between PM performance during abstinence and nicotine dependence.Conclusions: This is the first study to show that nicotine derived via e-cigarette can improve PM in abstinent smokers suggesting efficient nicotine delivery. That the effect of nicotine was restricted to time-based rather than event-based PM is consistent with the view that nicotine acts to improve performance on strategic (effortful) rather than automatic processing. These findings add to the growing body of evidence that the e-cigarette can replace some of the effects of nicotine derived from tobacco smoking thus highlighting its potential for smoking cessation.

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supporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nicotine derived from the electronic cigarette improves time-based prospective memory in abstinent smokers

2013

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Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation and reduction

McRobbie

Bullen

Hartmann‐Boyce

et al. 2014

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

435

296

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Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation

Hartmann‐Boyce

McRobbie

Bullen

et al. 2016

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

642

439

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Background Electronic cigarettes (ECs) are electronic devices that heat a liquid into an aerosol for inhalation. The liquid usually comprises propylene glycol and glycerol, with or without nicotine and flavours, and stored in disposable or refillable cartridges or a reservoir. Since ECs appeared on the market in 2006 there has been a steady growth in sales. Smokers report using ECs to reduce risks of smoking, but some healthcare organizations, tobacco control advocacy groups and policy makers have been reluctant to encourage smokers to switch to ECs, citing lack of evidence of efficacy and safety. Smokers, healthcare providers and regulators are interested to know if these devices can help smokers quit and if they are safe to use for this purpose. This review is an update of a review first published in 2014. Objectives To evaluate the safety and effect of using ECs to help people who smoke achieve long-term smoking abstinence. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group's Specialized Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CEN-TRAL), MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO for relevant records from 2004 to January 2016, together with reference checking and contact with study authors. Selection criteria We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in which current smokers (motivated or unmotivated to quit) were randomized to EC or a control condition, and which measured abstinence rates at six months or longer. As the field of EC research is new, we also included cohort follow-up studies with at least six months follow-up. We included randomized cross-over trials, RCTs and cohort follow-up studies that included at least one week of EC use for assessment of adverse events (AEs). Data collection and analysis We followed standard Cochrane methods for screening and data extraction. Our main outcome measure was abstinence from smoking after at least six months follow-up, and we used the most rigorous definition available (continuous, biochemically validated, longest follow-up). We used a fixed-effect Mantel-Haenszel model to calculate the risk ratio (RR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) for each study, and where appropriate we pooled data from these studies in meta-analyses.

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The electronic-cigarette: Effects on desire to smoke, withdrawal symptoms and cognition

Cited by 158 publications

References 13 publications

Nicotine derived from the electronic cigarette improves time-based prospective memory in abstinent smokers

Nicotine derived from the electronic cigarette improves time-based prospective memory in abstinent smokers

Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation and reduction

Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation

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