The electromagnetic response of human skin in the millimetre and submillimetre wave range

Feldman, Yuri; Puzenko, Alexander; Ishai, Paul Ben; Caduff, Andreas; Davidovich, Issak; Sakran, F.; Agranat, Aharon J.

doi:10.1088/0031-9155/54/11/005

Cited by 86 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…These results also confirm the conclusions of [9,11], although the nature of excitation employed here is far gentler. In both cases it is the SNR that is activated, through a cascade leading to a change in reflectivity.…”

Section: Comparison Of the (Mvna) Signal With Gsrsupporting

confidence: 89%

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The unexplored avenues of human skin: electromagnetic properties in the sub-THz band

Feldman¹,

Safrai²,

Ishai³

et al. 2012

SPIE Proceedings

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Recent studies of the minute morphology of the skin by optical coherence tomography showed that the sweat ducts in human skin become helically shaped tubes in the Epidermis and are filled with an aqueous solution. When considered as entities embedded in a dielectric media, they resemble helical antennas. The spectral response obtained by our computer simulations coincides with the analytical prediction of antenna theory and support this hypothesis, if a fast enough current mechanism exists in the duct. In particular the strongest spectral response of the simulation was noted around the predicted frequencies (240 GHz and 380 GHz) for the respective normal and axial modes of the helical structure. Furthermore, circular dichroism of the reflected electromagnetic field is a characteristic property of such helical antennas and it was shown that it is indeed a characteristic of the simulation model. Fast proton hopping is posited as the current mechanism.Consequently experimental evidence is presented that the spectral response of the skin in the sub-Terahertz region is governed by the level of activity of the perspiration system. This in turn is moderated by the Sympathetic Nerve Response and is demonstrated by the correlation to physiological stress as manifested by the pulse rate and the systolic blood pressure. These physical relaxations are tonic in nature (lasting more than a minute). Could the phasic characteristic of emotional excitation also be evident in the reflection coefficient? By applying techniques borrowed from psychiatric science we hope to answer this point in our paper.

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Section: Comparison Of the (Mvna) Signal With Gsrsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…The skin reflectance, W rel is presented in the same manner as established in our previous publications [9,11], in terms of the frequency averaged relative signal intensity. The experimental time average of the signal was used.…”

Section: The Skin Reflectancementioning

confidence: 99%

The unexplored avenues of human skin: electromagnetic properties in the sub-THz band

Feldman¹,

Safrai²,

Ishai³

et al. 2012

SPIE Proceedings

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“…Although human skin is the largest multifunctional organ in the human body, to date insufficient attention has been paid to human skin signatures over the MMW frequency band for security screening purposes. A number of researchers investigated the electromagnetic response of the human skin over this band for medical purposes only [18][19][20][21][22]. These are useful resources to explore the capabilities for security screening by the identification of anomalies on the human body which may be suggestive of a concealed threat, which is the subject of this paper.…”

Section: Measurement Equipmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromagnetic Signatures of Human Skin in the Millimeter Wave Band 80-100 GHZ

Owda

Salmon

Rezgui

2018

PIER B

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Abstract-Due to changes in global security requirements attention is turning to new means by which anomalies on the human body might be identified. For security screening systems operating in the millimeter wave band anomalies can be identified by measuring the emissivities of subjects. As the interaction of millimeter waves with the human body is only a fraction of a millimeter into the skin and clothing has a small, but known effect, precise measurement of the emission and reflection of this radiation will allow comparisons with the norm for that region of the body and person category. A technique to measure the human skin emissivity in vivo over the frequency band 80 GHz to 100 GHz is developed and described. The mean emissivity values of the skin of a sample of 60 healthy participants (36 males and 24 females) measured using a 90 GHz calibrated radiometer were found to range from 0.17±0.005 to 0.68±0.005. The lower values of emissivity are a result of measuring particularly thin skin on the inner wrist, volar side of the forearm, and back of hand, whereas higher values of emissivity are results of measuring thick skin on the outer wrist, dorsal surface of the forearm, and palm of hand. The mean differences in the emissivity between Asian and European male participants were calculated to be in the range of 0.04 to 0.11 over all measurement locations. Experimental measurements of the emissivity for male and female participants having normal and high body mass index indicate that the mean differences in the emissivity are in the range of 0.05 to 0.15 for all measurement locations. These results show the quantitative variations in the skin emissivity between locations, gender, and individuals. The mean differences in the emissivity values between dry and wet skin on the palm of hand and back of hand regions were found to be 0.143 and 0.066 respectively. These results confirm that radiometry can, as a non-contact method, identify surfaces attached to the human skin in tens of seconds. These results indicate a route to machine anomaly detection that may increase the through-put speed, the detection probabilities and reduce the false alarm rates in security screening portals.

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“…A unique mechanism in which electromagnetic waves of a specific frequency (Sub-terahertz) can enter the body through the skin is directly via the eccrine sweat glands that are found over most areas of the skin, in humans and primates (Feldman et al 2009). The exact physiology and mechanism of function of this recently discovered frequency-specific biological sensor is currently being researched.…”

Section: Discussion -Human Effects As Environmental Indicatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromagnetic Radiation and Health: Human Indicators

Stein

Hänninen

Huttunen

et al. 2014

Environmental Indicators

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Manmade electromagnetic radiation increases in the environment as new applications are frequently adopted. Humans serve as receiving antennas for electromagnetic waves. Thus various new responses can be expected. In addition to radio and television programs, mobile telephony, distant reading of electricity and water consumption and many other technologies load us electrically and magnetically both out-and indoors. Most exposures are active all the time, day and night, continuously or in regular pulses. Personal devices are also important sources, since they touch the skin and are held near the brain and heart. Humans are good bioindicators, as their physiological parameters, such as heart function and blood biochemistry, are frequently recorded. Data storage and analysis are getting better. Humans also report symptoms that cannot be directly measured, and carry valuable information on bioeffects. Studies from recent decades have shown that exposure to electromagnetic waves can break DNA chains, damage proteins,

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The electromagnetic response of human skin in the millimetre and submillimetre wave range

Cited by 86 publications

References 37 publications

The unexplored avenues of human skin: electromagnetic properties in the sub-THz band

The unexplored avenues of human skin: electromagnetic properties in the sub-THz band

Electromagnetic Signatures of Human Skin in the Millimeter Wave Band 80-100 GHZ

Electromagnetic Radiation and Health: Human Indicators

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