The Electromagnetic Inter-Nucleon Quark-to-Quark Bond and its Effect on the Nuclear Force

Abstract

This chapter discusses the electromagnetic forces inside a nucleus. Previous nuclear theories have ignored the electromagnetic force or treated it as a minor component, considering only Coulomb forces between protons. Since quarks are the centers for both the electric charge and the magnetic dipole moments within a nucleon, such assumptions are not valid. Since the electromagnetic interaction between inter-nucleon quarks may be formidable, electro-magnetism can, indeed, be the force holding the nucleons together in a nucleus. Thus, the electromagnetic forces within a nucleus should not be ignored, but rather given the foremost of consideration--specifically with regards to nuclear behavior. New understandings are gained by applying the laws of electromagnetism to the nuclear structure inside an atomic nucleus. In this chapter, historic misunderstandings are debunked and clarified--including the supposed limitations of the electromagnetic force, the miscalculated violations of uncertainty principles, and the misconceived lowest-energy shape of the nucleons.