“…cold crucible induction melting process [5], the electromagnetic levitation [1][2][3]6], the electromagnetic casting [7][8][9], etc. Electromagnetic confinement and shaping (EMCS) is a recently developed electromagnetic processing of materials, which can simultaneously achieve heating, melting, and shaping of metal by using electromagnetic field in vacuum chamber [10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. Therefore, the chemical and physical interactions between molten metal and crucible and/or mould are avoided.…”