Research on the electroreduction of dioxygen is very important for their applications in fuel cells and biosensors. In past decades, numerous studies focused on the electroreduction of O2. The original studies elucidated in detail the mechanisms of O2 reduction on various carbon electrodes.1,2 However, because a direct reduction of O2 requires an overpotential at most conventional electrodes, the catalytic reduction of O2 has gained considerable attention. Several metalloporphyrin complexes of cobalt, iron and manganese have been used as catalysts. [3][4][5] These modified electrodes have shown excellent catalytic activities towards O2 reduction for the formation of transient adducts of metal complexes with O2. Electrodes modified with viologens and quinone derivatives have also been applied for O2 reduction. [6][7][8] Although there have been many studies on the reduction of O2 using various modified electrodes, reports on surfactantmodified electrodes for the reduction of O2 are relatively rare. Surfactants with an amphiphilic character can change the electrical properties of the electrode/solution interface and the nature of the electrochemical process. 9 For example, Rusling 10 has successfully used surfactant microstructures to catalyze the electrochemical dehalogenation of organic halides. Kaifer and colleagues 11,12 reported significant changes in the redox potential and peak current of methylviologen in a sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micellar solution. Other often used surfactants were cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), [13][14][15] Triton X-100 9 and tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TDTAB). 16 Most of these reports were based on dissolving the surfactants in an electrolyte to form a micellar solution for enhancing the electrochemical responses. Few investigations have been made on their role in the surface modification of electrodes. 17 In the present work, an acetylene black electrode with a large ratio surface area modified by adsorbed cationic surfactant CTAB was developed. The influences of different types of surfactants, namely, anionic, nonionic and cationic on the reduction of O2 were investigated. It was demonstrated that cationic surfactant CTAB adsorbed on the surface of the electrode could significantly decrease the overpotential of dioxygen reduction, and the cathodic current of O2 was also remarkably increased. The reduction of O2 at CTAB-modified acetylene black electrodes was studied using various electrochemical methods, such as cyclic voltammetry, chronocoulometry and controlled potential coulometry.
ExperimentalChemicals and apparatus Acetylene black was ordinary acetylene black, and was purchased from Shanghai Reagent Corporation, China. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), Triton X-100 and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) (Purchased from Shanghai Reagent Corporation, China) were dissolved in double-distilled water to prepare 1 × 10 -2 mol/L homogeneous solutions. All chemicals were of analytical reagent grade and were used without further purification. High-purity (9...