“…Although the process of porous oxide formation was described satisfactorily, a lack of explanation for porous oxide growth in a narrow window of experimental 44j 1 Highly Ordered Anodic Porous Alumina Formation by Self-Organized Anodizing conditions was evident. The same modeling school also presented a simulation of the breakdown mechanism of passive oxide films and the growth of pits leading to tunnel formation in anodized alumina during the anodic etching in solutions containing chloride ions [394,395].…”
Section: Other Theoretical Models Of Porous Alumina Growthmentioning
“…Although the process of porous oxide formation was described satisfactorily, a lack of explanation for porous oxide growth in a narrow window of experimental 44j 1 Highly Ordered Anodic Porous Alumina Formation by Self-Organized Anodizing conditions was evident. The same modeling school also presented a simulation of the breakdown mechanism of passive oxide films and the growth of pits leading to tunnel formation in anodized alumina during the anodic etching in solutions containing chloride ions [394,395].…”
Section: Other Theoretical Models Of Porous Alumina Growthmentioning
Canonical Monte Carlo (CMC) simulations are employed in this work in order to study the structure of the electrical double layer (EDL) near discretely charged planar surfaces in the presence of symmetric and asymmetric indifferent electrolytes within the framework of a primitive model. The effects of discreteness and strength of surface charge, charge asymmetry, and size asymmetry are specific focuses of this work. The CMC simulation protocol is initially tested against the classical theory, the modified Gouy-Chapman (GC) theory, in order to assess the reliability of the simulation results. The CMC simulation results and the predictions of the classical theory show good agreement for 1:1 electrolytes and low surface charge, at which conditions the GC theory is valid. Simulations with symmetric and asymmetric electrolytes and mixtures of the two demonstrate that size plays an important role in determining the species present in the EDL and how the surface charge is screened. A size-exclusion effect could be consistently detected. Although it is energetically favorable that higher-valence ions screen the surface charge, their larger size prevents them from getting close to the surface. Smaller ions with lower valences perform the screening of the charge, resulting in higher local concentrations of small ions close to the surface. The simulations also showed that the strength of the surface charge enhances the size-exclusion effect. This effect will definitely affect the magnitude of the forces between interacting charged surfaces.
A study of the co-adsorption of cadmium and citrate ions onto the mono-dispersed TiO 2 (anatase)/NaClO 4 aqueous solution interface is presented. The influence of ionic strength and pH on the adsorption of cadmium and citrate ions in this system was investigated. The surface charge density, the ζ-potential and adsorption-edge (or envelope) parameters such as pH 50% and ∆pH 10-90% were also determined for different concentrations of adsorbed ions. The presence of citrate anions increased the adsorption of Cd(II) ions at low pH values but led to a corresponding decrease at high pH values. The influence of pH on the shapes of the corresponding adsorption isotherms for citrate anions was characteristic of that for anion adsorption onto metal oxides; this is referred to as the "adsorption envelope".
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