The electrical conductivity of concentrated aqueous electrolytic solutions

Gellings, P.J.

doi:10.1002/recl.19560750209

Cited by 12 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…(a) Apparent molar volumes ( V ϕ ) over the entire concentration range, plotted against the square root of NaNO 3 weight percent in solution (√wt %). Key: dot, International Critical Tables; plus, Tang and Munkelwitz; solid square, melt (this work); star, Puchkov and Matashkin, square, Pearce and Hopson, triangle, Gellings, diamond, Kartzmark, solid triangle, Millero et al; plus, Nehma et al; solid diamond, Abdulagatov and Azizov; , circle, Enea et al; inverted triangle, Pena et al; line, the fitted equation. The solid vertical arrow indicates a solution saturated with respect to NaNO 3(s) .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Densities and Apparent Molar Volumes of Atmospherically Important Electrolyte Solutions. 1. The Solutes H₂SO₄, HNO₃, HCl, Na₂SO₄, NaNO₃, NaCl, (NH₄)₂SO₄, NH₄NO₃, and NH₄Cl from 0 to 50 °C, Including Extrapolations to Very Low Temperature and to the Pure Liquid State, and NaHSO₄, NaOH, and NH₃ at 25 °C

Clegg

Wexler

2011

J. Phys. Chem. A

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Calculations of the size and density of atmospheric aerosols are complicated by the fact that they can exist at concentrations highly supersaturated with respect to dissolved salts and supercooled with respect to ice. Densities and apparent molar volumes of solutes in aqueous solutions containing the solutes H(2)SO(4), HNO(3), HCl, Na(2)SO(4), NaNO(3), NaCl, (NH(4))(2)SO(4), NH(4)NO(3), and NH(4)Cl have been critically evaluated and represented using fitted equations from 0 to 50 °C or greater and from infinite dilution to concentrations saturated or supersaturated with respect to the dissolved salts. Using extrapolated densities of high-temperature solutions and melts, the relationship between density and concentration is extended to the hypothetical pure liquid solutes. Above a given reference concentration of a few mol kg(-1), it is observed that density increases almost linearly with decreasing temperature, and comparisons with available data below 0 °C suggest that the fitted equations for density can be extrapolated to very low temperatures. As concentration is decreased below the reference concentration, the variation of density with temperature tends to that of water (which decreases as temperature is reduced below 3.98 °C). In this region below the reference concentration, and below 0 °C, densities are calculated using extrapolated apparent molar volumes which are constrained to agree at the reference concentrations with an equation for the directly fitted density. Calculated volume properties agree well with available data at low temperatures, for both concentrated and dilute solutions. Comparisons are made with literature data for temperatures of maximum density. Apparent molar volumes at infinite dilution are consistent, on a single ion basis, to better than ±0.1 cm(3) mol(-1) from 0 to 50 °C. Volume properties of aqueous NaHSO(4), NaOH, and NH(3) have also been evaluated, at 25 °C only. In part 2 of this work (ref 1 ) an ion interaction (Pitzer) model has been used to calculate apparent molar volumes of H(2)SO(4) in 0-3 mol kg(-1) aqueous solutions of the pure acid and to represent directly the effect of the HSO(4)(-) ↔ H(+) + SO(4)(2-) reaction. The results are incorporated into the treatment of aqueous H(2)SO(4) density described here. Densities and apparent molar volumes from -20 to 50 °C, and from 0 to 100 wt % of solute, are tabulated for the electrolytes listed in the title and have also been incorporated into the extended aerosol inorganics model (E-AIM, http://www.aim.env.uea.ac.uk/aim/aim.php) together with densities of the solid salts and hydrates.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Densities and Apparent Molar Volumes of Atmospherically Important Electrolyte Solutions. 1. The Solutes H₂SO₄, HNO₃, HCl, Na₂SO₄, NaNO₃, NaCl, (NH₄)₂SO₄, NH₄NO₃, and NH₄Cl from 0 to 50 °C, Including Extrapolations to Very Low Temperature and to the Pure Liquid State, and NaHSO₄, NaOH, and NH₃ at 25 °C

Clegg

Wexler

2011

J. Phys. Chem. A

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“…Although various mathematical models of conductivity with concentration have been studied, they are relatively complex and most models are not applicable to all concentration ranges. ,,,, It is difficult for high school students to use these existing models to explain the decline in conductivity as concentrations rise, and more importantly, they do not know how to build a mathematical model based on experimental data. Many complex mathematical formulas are given directly, telling students the meaning of each physical quantity but ignoring the real process of how these formulas were established.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Connecting Chemistry to Mathematics by Establishing the Relationship between Conductivity and Concentration in an Interdisciplinary, Computer-Based Project for High School Chemistry Students

Shang

2021

J. Chem. Educ.

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Here, we present an interdisciplinary educational project intended for high school chemistry that is focused on the establishment of a mathematical model to describe the relationship between conductivity and concentration, while linking chemistry to mathematics with the help of computer software. The project was designed to help high school students engage in methods and comprehend advanced topics beyond the typical high school chemistry curriculum, as well as to resolve a problem that no single disciplinary perspective is able to solve. This project provided students with a simple method to build mathematical models, which could be used to help them discover the relationship between discrete experimental data and mathematical equations. A postinstructional survey showed that, after completing the project, more students knew how to construct mathematical equations that fit discrete data.

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N2H5Cl - NaJO4

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Densities of Binary Aqueous Systems and Heat Capacities of Liquid Systems

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The electrical conductivity of concentrated aqueous electrolytic solutions

Cited by 12 publications

References 19 publications

Connecting Chemistry to Mathematics by Establishing the Relationship between Conductivity and Concentration in an Interdisciplinary, Computer-Based Project for High School Chemistry Students

N2H5Cl - NaJO4

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