The Ego and the Id

Freud, Sigmund

doi:10.1097/00000441-196111000-00027

Cited by 1,169 publications

(1,273 citation statements)

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“…The energy lattice includes the motivational and emotional systems shown in the lower left of Figure 2 and represents their relations (e.g., Freud, 1923Freud, /1960Murray, 1938). The knowledge works area includes many of the systems that stretch vertically through much of the center of Figure 2.…”

Section: The Systems Setmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Tale of Two Visions: Can a New View of Personality Help Integrate Psychology?

Mayer¹

2005

American Psychologist

168

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Section: The Systems Setmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Tale of Two Visions: Can a New View of Personality Help Integrate Psychology?

Mayer¹

2005

American Psychologist

168

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“…The concept of motivation has been studied from several perspectives (e.g., Freud, 1923Freud, /1962Hull, 1943;Skinner, 1953). One perspective which has proven useful over the past 20 years suggests that behavior can be seen as intrinsically or extrinsically motivated (e.g., de Charms, 1968;Deci, 1971Deci, , 1975.…”

Section: Journal Of Personalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Intrinsic, Extrinsic, and Amotivational Styles as Predictors of Behavior: A Prospective Study

Vallerand

Blssonnette

1992

Journal of Personality

822

517

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This research ascertained the role of intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivational styles as predictors of behavioral persistence in a real-life setting. At the beginning of the academic year, 1,042 first-tertn junior-college students enrolled in a compulsory college course completed a scale assessing intrinsic motivation, four styles of extrinsic motivation (namely, external regulation, introjection, identification, and integration), and amotivation toward academic activities. At the end of the semester, individuals who had dropped out of the course and those who had persisted were identified. Results showed that individuals who persisted in the course had reported at the beginning of the semester being more intrinsically motivated, more identified and integrated, and less amotivated toward academic activities than students who dropped out of the course. Gender differences also emerged. These revealed that females This article was prepared while the first author was supported by research grants from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, the Quebec Council on Social Research, Quebec Funds for Research Aid and Researchers' Training, and the University of Quebec at Montreal. The second author was supported by a grant from the Fonds FCAR. We would like to thank Patrick Colavecchio for conducting some of the statistical analyses reported in this article. Reprint requests as well as correspondence related to the scale used in this study should be addressed to Robert J. Vallerand, Research Laboratory on Social Behavior, University of Quebec at Montreal, C. P. 8888, Station "A." Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3P8. Vallerand and Bissonnette were more intrinsically motivated, integrated, and identified and less externally regulated and amotivated than male students. Females also displayed higher levels of behavioral persistence than males. Results are discussed in light of Deci and Ryan's (1985a) self-determination theory, and suggestions for future research are proposed. Journal of PersonalityThe concept of motivation has been studied from several perspectives (e.g., Freud, 1923Freud, /1962Hull, 1943;Skinner, 1953). One perspective which has proven useful over the past 20 years suggests that behavior can be seen as intrinsically or extrinsically motivated (e.g., de Charms, 1968;Deci, 1971Deci, , 1975. Intrinsically motivated behaviors are those that are engaged in for their own sake, in other words, for the pleasure and satisfaction derived from performing them (Deci, 1971). They are activities that people voluntarily perform in the absence of material rewards or constraints (see Deci & Ryan, 1985a. To read a book for the sheer pleasure of leaming something interesting is an example of intrinsic motivation.On the other hand, extrinsic motivation pertains to a wide variety of behaviors where the goals of action extend beyond those inherent in the activity itself. They are behaviors that are engaged in as a means to an end and not for their own sakes (Deci, 1975;Kruglanski, 1978). Originally, i...

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“…Since Freud (1923Freud ( /1961aFreud ( , 1933Freud ( /1961b, psychological theorizing about personality or the self has used energy models relatively sparingly. Yet, the human body is undeniably an energy system, and its very life depends on ingesting energy and then using it to fuel its activities, including complex psychological processes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-control relies on glucose as a limited energy source: Willpower is more than a metaphor.

Gailliot¹,

Baumeister²,

DeWall³

et al. 2007

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

994

742

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The present work suggests that self-control relies on glucose as a limited energy source. Laboratory tests of self-control (i.e., the Stroop task, thought suppression, emotion regulation, attention control) and of social behaviors (i.e., helping behavior, coping with thoughts of death, stifling prejudice during an interracial interaction) showed that (a) acts of self-control reduced blood glucose levels, (b) low levels of blood glucose after an initial self-control task predicted poor performance on a subsequent self-control task, and (c) initial acts of self-control impaired performance on subsequent self-control tasks, but consuming a glucose drink eliminated these impairments. Self-control requires a certain amount of glucose to operate unimpaired. A single act of self-control causes glucose to drop below optimal levels, thereby impairing subsequent attempts at self-control.Keywords: self-regulation, glucose, attention, emotion regulation, prejudice Self-control (or self-regulation) is the ability to control or override one's thoughts, emotions, urges, and behavior. Self-control allows for the flexibility necessary for successful goal attainment, and it greatly facilitates adherence to morals, laws, social norms, and other rules and regulations. As such, it is one of the most important and beneficial processes in the human personality structure. A burgeoning body of evidence has linked good self-control to a broad range of desirable outcomes, including healthier interpersonal relationships, greater popularity, better mental health, more effective coping skills, reduced aggression, and superior academic performance, as well as less susceptibility to drug and alcohol abuse, criminality, and eating disorders (DeWall,

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The Ego and the Id

Cited by 1,169 publications

References 0 publications

A Tale of Two Visions: Can a New View of Personality Help Integrate Psychology?

A Tale of Two Visions: Can a New View of Personality Help Integrate Psychology?

Intrinsic, Extrinsic, and Amotivational Styles as Predictors of Behavior: A Prospective Study

Self-control relies on glucose as a limited energy source: Willpower is more than a metaphor.

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