The efficacy of two antivenoms against the in vitro myotoxic effects of black snake (Pseudechis) venoms in the chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preparation

Ramasamy, Sharmaine; Isbister, Geoffrey K.; Hodgson, Wayne Clarence

doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.08.005

Cited by 25 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…RBBS venom has been show, in vitro, to cause a range of red blood cell conformational abnormalities due to lipid membrane damage from phospholipase enzymes (Condrea, 1979). Indeed RBBS venom contains potent phospholipase enzymes that have been shown to be at least four times more active than those found in N. scutatus (Ramasamy et al, 2004). The phenomena of red blood cell spherocyte formation following exposure to venom has also been reported in dogs suffering from tiger snake (N. scutatus) envenomation (Ong et al, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The venom of the RBBS is dominated by the presence of large quantities of the phospholipase A2 isoenzyme pseudexin that has neurotoxic effects on mouse diaphragm tissues (Vaughan et al, 1981) and chick biventer cervis nerve-muscle preparations (Ramasamy et al, 2004). Given the rapid clinical deterioration, it seems possible that the high levels of these neurotoxins, combined with small body weight, contributed to the rapid death of the dog in case 8.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Red-bellied black snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus) envenomation in the dog: Diagnosis and treatment of nine cases

Padula

Winkel

2016

Toxicon

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Red-bellied black snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus) envenomation in the dog: Diagnosis and treatment of nine cases

Padula

Winkel

2016

Toxicon

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“…Although an anticoagulant toxin has not been isolated, the venom has anticoagulant activity based on in vitro clotting studies 8 . The myotoxic effects of RBBS venom have been demonstrated in vitro and showed that both TSAV or BlSAV were able to prevent but not reverse this effect 10 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical effects of red‐bellied black snake ( Pseudechis porphyriacus ) envenoming and correlation with venom concentrations: Australian Snakebite Project (ASP‐11)

Churchman

O’Leary

Buckley

et al. 2010

Medical Journal of Australia

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Objective: To describe the clinical features and laboratory findings in patients with definite red‐bellied black snake (RBBS; Pseudechis porphyriacus) bites, including correlation with results of venom assays. Design, patients and setting: Prospective cohort study of patients with definite RBBS bites, recruited to the Australian Snakebite Project from January 2002 to June 2010. Main outcome measures: Clinical and laboratory features of envenoming; peak venom concentrations and antivenom treatment. Results: There were 81 definite RBBS bites; systemic envenoming occurred in 57 patients (70%) and local envenoming alone occurred in one patient. Systemic envenoming was characterised by local envenoming in 55 patients (96%), systemic symptoms in 54 patients (95%), anticoagulant coagulopathy with a raised activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) in 35 patients (61%) and myotoxicity in seven patients (12%). One patient required non‐invasive ventilation for severe myotoxicity that resulted in muscle weakness. Three patients developed local ulceration. There were no deaths. Twenty‐two envenomed patients (39%) received tiger snake or black snake antivenom, and administration within 6 hours of the bite was associated with normalisation of the aPTT. Eight patients (36%) had immediate hypersensitivity reactions to antivenom, including one case of anaphylaxis. The median peak venom concentration in 37 systemically envenomed patients with serum available was 19 ng/mL (interquartile range, 12–50 ng/mL; range, 3–360 ng/mL), which did not correlate with clinical severity. In 17 patients who received antivenom and had venom concentration measured, no venom was detected in serum after the first antivenom dose, including nine who were given one vial of tiger snake antivenom. Conclusion: RBBS envenoming caused local effects, systemic symptoms, anticoagulant coagulopathy and, uncommonly, myotoxicity. One vial of tiger snake or black snake antivenom appears to be sufficient to remove venom and neutralise reversible effects, but hypersensitivity reactions occurred in over a third of patients.

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“…However, the report only included photographs and little further information. Animal studies have demonstrated that spotted black snake venom is both neurotoxic and myotoxic, 8 , 9 and both effects are neutralised by black and tiger snake antivenoms. However, neither of our patients had any evidence of significant neurotoxicity or myotoxicity that may be expected from in‐vitro studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spotted black snake (Pseudechis guttatus) envenoming

Jansen

McLeod

White

2007

Medical Journal of Australia

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The efficacy of two antivenoms against the in vitro myotoxic effects of black snake (Pseudechis) venoms in the chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preparation

Cited by 25 publications

References 31 publications

Red-bellied black snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus) envenomation in the dog: Diagnosis and treatment of nine cases

Red-bellied black snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus) envenomation in the dog: Diagnosis and treatment of nine cases

Clinical effects of red‐bellied black snake ( Pseudechis porphyriacus ) envenoming and correlation with venom concentrations: Australian Snakebite Project (ASP‐11)

Spotted black snake (Pseudechis guttatus) envenoming

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