The efficacy of three types of analgesic drugs in reducing pain in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Mettam, Jessica J.; Oulton, Lois Jane; McCrohan, Catherine R.; Sneddon, Lynne U.

doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2011.06.009

Cited by 79 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Thus, it seems prudent to explore the analgesic efficacy of aspirin in 5 dpf zebrafish. However, despite all this evidence, research on the use of NSAIDs as analgesics in fish is very limited (Davis et al, 2006;Harms et al, 2005;Mettam et al, 2011). Although the analgesic effects of aspirin have been investigated in other animals (Jablonski and Howden, 2002;Shyu and Lin, 1985), we found no studies in larval or adult fish.…”

Section: Experiments 1: Impact Of Noxious Chemicals On Larval Behaviourcontrasting

confidence: 52%

“…Finding an alternative to the use of adult fish in these studies is a priority as is finding a rapid means of testing the efficacy of analgesics if we are to adopt an ethical 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement) approach to research (Russell and Burch, 1959). However, a very limited number of studies have investigated the effects of analgesics in fish and most of these have explored intramuscular injection, which is impractical for small species such as zebrafish (Harms et al, 2005;Mettam et al, 2011;Sneddon, 2003). Therefore, a range of doses of these analgesic agents administered via immersion (dissolved in tank water) need to be investigated to determine their efficacy as a high-throughput means of testing drugs in a large number of unprotected 5 dpf zebrafish.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reduction in activity by noxious chemical stimulation is ameliorated by immersion in analgesic drugs in zebrafish

López-Luna

Al-Jubouri

Al-Nuaimy

et al. 2017

Journal of Experimental Biology

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101

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Research has recently demonstrated that larval zebrafish show similar molecular responses to nociception to those of adults. Our study explored whether unprotected larval zebrafish exhibited altered behaviour after exposure to noxious chemicals and screened a range of analgesic drugs to determine their efficacy to reduce these responses. This approach aimed to validate larval zebrafish as a reliable replacement for adults as well as providing a high-throughput means of analysing behavioural responses. Zebrafish at 5 days postfertilization were exposed to known noxious stimuli: acetic acid (0.01%, 0.1% and 0.25%) and citric acid (0.1%, 1% and 5%). The behavioural response of each was recorded and analysed using novel tracking software that measures time spent active in 25 larvae at one time. Subsequently, the efficacy of aspirin, lidocaine, morphine and flunixin as analgesics after exposure to 0.1% acetic acid was tested. Larvae exposed to 0.1% and 0.25% acetic acid spent less time active, whereas those exposed to 0.01% acetic acid and 0.1-5% citric acid showed an increase in swimming activity. Administration of 2.5 mg l −1 aspirin, 5 mg l −1 lidocaine and 48 mg l −1 morphine prevented the behavioural changes induced by acetic acid. These results suggest that larvae respond to a noxious challenge in a similar way to adult zebrafish and other vertebrates and that the effect of nociception on activity can be ameliorated by using analgesics. Therefore, adopting larval zebrafish could represent a direct replacement of a protected adult fish with a non-protected form in pain-and nociception-related research.

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Section: Experiments 1: Impact Of Noxious Chemicals On Larval Behaviourcontrasting

confidence: 52%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction in activity by noxious chemical stimulation is ameliorated by immersion in analgesic drugs in zebrafish

López-Luna

Al-Jubouri

Al-Nuaimy

et al. 2017

Journal of Experimental Biology

Self Cite

101

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“…Only a few studies have examined the influence of nociceptive stressors on these axes. The injection of acetic acid in the lips of rainbow trout did not influence cortisol levels (Mettam et al, 2011), but increased the opercular beat rate indicating an increase in the ventilation rate during the first hours following the administration (Sneddon, 2003;Mettam et al, 2011). This increase was reversed when trouts were treated with morphine, indicating the nociceptive implication of the changes (Sneddon, 2003).…”

Section: Physiological Indicatorsmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…One or more of these behavioural changes occurred in the three studied species: zebrafish, trout and carp (Reilly et al, 2008). Experiments in rainbow trout showed that morphine or local anaesthesia with lidocaine reduced these behavioural changes in acid-treated animals (Sneddon, 2003;Mettam et al, 2011), indicating that they were dependant on pain.…”

Section: Postural and Behavioural Indicatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying and monitoring pain in farm animals: a review

Prunier

Mounier

Neindre³

et al. 2013

Animal

103

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One important objective for animal welfare is to maintain animals free from pain, injury or disease. Therefore, detecting and evaluating the intensity of animal pain is crucial. As animals cannot directly communicate their feelings, it is necessary to identify sensitive and specific indicators that can be easily used. The aim of the present paper is to review relevant indicators to assess pain in several farm species. The term pain is used for mammals, birds and fish, even though the abilities of the various species to experience the emotional component of pain may be different. Numerous behavioural changes are associated with pain and many of them could be used on farms to assess the degree of pain being experienced by an animal. Pain, as a stressor, is associated with variations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis as well as in the sympathetic and immune systems that can be used to identify the presence of pain rapidly after it started. However, most of these measures need sophisticated equipment for their assessment. Therefore, they are mainly adapted to experimental situations. Injuries and other lesional indicators give information on the sources of pain and are convenient to use in all types of situations. Histopathological analyses can identify sources of pain in experimental studies. When pronounced and/or long lasting, the pain-induced behavioural and physiological changes can decrease production performance. Some indicators are very specific and sensitive to pain, whereas others are more generally related to stressful situations. The latter can be used to indicate that animals are suffering from something, which may be pain. Overall, this literature review shows that several indicators exist to assess pain in mammals, a few in birds and very few in fish. Even if in some cases, a single indicator, usually a behavioural indicator, may be sufficient to detect pain, combining various types of indicators increases sensitivity and specificity of pain assessment. Research is needed to build and validate new indicators and to develop systems of pain assessment adapted to each type of situation and each species.

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“…(2009), which tested morphine and had demonstrated pain perception in these fishes. [29,30] Studies have demonstrated, after injury in medial and lateral pallium, avoiding behavioral learning in goldfish and showing involvement by these telencephalic structures in this process. [31,32] Asphyxia on ice or evisceration without any anesthesia are common examples of killing methods used in fish farming.…”

Section: Pain Perception and Fearmentioning

confidence: 99%