The efficacy of ozone as a pre- and post-treatment option for UASB-treated food processing wastewaters

Abstract

The efficiency of ozone as a pre- and post-treatment to UASB treatment was investigated, followed by a study into UASB reactor performance with ozonated wastewater as substrate. Combinations of pre- and/or post-ozonation with UASB treatment gave better results than ozonation or UASB alone and COD reductions of 53.0-98.9% were achieved for treatment of canning and winery wastewaters. A UASB reactor was fed with pre-ozonated cannery wastewater for over 70 d. COD removal improved from between 58.8 and 64.4% to between 85.3 and 91.8% after pre-ozonated substrate feed commenced. Subsequent increases in organic loading rate (OLR) from 2.4 to 3.4 kgCOD m(-3) x d(-1) did not affect reactor performance. By including a final post-ozonation treatment to this UASB effluent a total COD reduction of 99.2% was achieved.

Proximate composition of carob cultivars growing in South Africa

“…Immediately before analysis the sample extract was brought to room temperature and 2 L internal standard (hexanol) added. The analysis was done gas chromatographically according to the method described by Sigge et al (2005).…”

Metabolite Profiles and Acceptability by Clusters of Different Kefir Types for South African Consumers

“…The short chain volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were determined using a Varian 3700 gas chromatograph (Palo Alto, California, USA) equipped with a flame ionisation detector and a 30 m bonded phase Nukol (Supelco, Inc., Belafonte, PA, USA) fused silica capillary column (0.53 mm diameter and 0.5 m film thickness). The details of the method can be found in previous works (Sigge et al, 2005; Ntsame Affane, 2012). VFAs were quantified using the Borwin Version 1.2 integration software (JMBS DEVELOPMENTS, LE FONTANIL, FRANCE).…”

Quantitative Analysis of DL-lactic Acid and Acetic Acid in Kefir Using near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy

“…Gas chromatography (Gc) was used to quantify the concentrations of acetic acid present in the samples. 16 a standard solution of short chain volatile fatty acids (Vfa) (acetic, propionic, iso-butyric, butyric, iso-valeric and valeric acids) was prepared by mixing 1 ml of each fatty acid and 0.5 ml of hexanol (carrier for internal standard) in a 1000 ml volumetric flask with 250 ml of formic acid (to put milk in acid form) and made up to 1000 ml with distilled water.…”

“…the Vfas were quantified using the Borwin Version 1.2 integration software (JMBS developments, le fontanil, france) using the internal standard method. 16 the centrifugation of 'milky body-like' samples was facilitated by the addition of 1 ml 1 n Hcl to precipitate the proteins.…”