“…Dietary vitamin K intake indeed has been associated with reduced fracture risk in older hospitalized women ( Sim et al, 2022 ), and postmenopausal women with osteoporosis ( Huang et al, 2015 ), however effects on BMD are controversial ( Vermeer, 2012 ). Furthermore, a recent meta-analysis reported no association between nitrate and fracture risks, and RCTs have reported conflicting effects of nitrate on BMD ( Bolland et al, 2020 ; Jamal et al, 2013 ; Liu et al, 2022 ).…”