The efferent fibers of the frontal lobe of the monkey, Macaca mulatta

Levin, Paul M.

doi:10.1002/cne.900630302

Cited by 145 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(1 reference statement)

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“…The distinction between 'frontal' and 'motor' cortex (areas 6 and 4) is clear histologically and occurs approximately at the junction of the medial third and lateral twothirds of the anterior sigmoid gyrus (Campbell, 1905;Winkler & Potter, 1914;Langworthy, 1928). Evidence of a contribution from area 6 to the pyramidal tract in monkey and man is doubtful as there are conflicting reports in the literature (Mettler, 1935;Hoff, 1935;Kennard, 1935;Levin, 1936;Verhaart & Kennard, 1940;Minckler, Klemme & Minckler, 1944). Time relations of the few spikes recorded from the frontal region in the present study indicate that any fibres arising from this area are of slow conduction velocity, therefore fine in calibre and difficult to trace by any histological method, a difficulty that may account for the inconclusive findings in experimental work in the monkey.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin of the pyramidal tract in the cat*

Lance¹,

Manning²

1954

The Journal of Physiology

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Woolsey & Chang (1947) introduced a new technique into the study of the origin of the pyramidal tract when they recorded the arrival of antidromic pyramidal activity, initiated from the medulla oblongata, at the surface of the cortex. The present investigation has largely employed this useful method which has been extended by the insertion of microelectrodes into the cell layers of the cortex. By this means the electrical activity of single cells or groups of cells may be recorded as the cell bodies are depolarized by impulses passing antidromically up their axons. Accurate localization of cells giving rise to the pyramidal tract is thus possible, and the conduction velocities oftheir respective axons may be estimated. Results obtained by this method have been checked by the electrical stimulation of small areas of cortex and recording the consequent orthodromic pyramidal activity in medulla or cord. METHODSA series of twenty-five adult cats were used for these experiments. The animals were anaesthetized by Dial (Ciba) 0-5 ml./kg intraperitoneally, an additional 0-2-04 ml. of pentobarbitone solution (gr. 1/ml., 'Sagatal', May and Baker) being administered if necessary. After tracheal cannulation, the pyramidal tract was exposed in the medulla or cord by one of the following methods.(1) Ventral approach to the medulla, by removal of larynx, part of pharynx and oesophagus. The longi capitis muscles were then reflected and a window made in the basiocciput with a dental burr. This approach enabled stimulating or recording electrodes to be placed directly in the pyramid with the animal in the lateral position.(2) Dorsal approach to the fourth ventricle by removal of part of the occipital bone and cerebellum. Electrodes could then be inserted into the pyramids through the medulla, the animal being in the anatomical position.(3) Laminectomy, exposing the spinal cord at cervical or lumbar segments, so that electrodes could be inserted into the lateral corticospinal tract.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin of the pyramidal tract in the cat*

Lance¹,

Manning²

1954

The Journal of Physiology

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“…Other subcortical targets of prefrontal efferents, mostly but not exclusively arising in the ventral (orbital) cortex, have been identified in the hypothalamus, subthalamus, septum, mesencephalon, and pons (Levin, 1936;Bonin and Green, 1949;Clark and Meyer, 1950;Kanki and Ban, 1952;Auer, 1956;DeVito and Smith, 1964;Nauta, 1964;Johnson et al, 1968;Brodal, 1971;Leichnetz and Astruc, 1976;Tanaka and Goldman, 1976;Leichnetz et al, 1981;van der Kooy et al, 1982;Terreberry and Neafsey, 1983;Buchanan et al, 1994;reviews by Alheid and Heimer, 1996;Zaborszky et al, 1999;Barbas et al, 2002).…”

Section: B Efferentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomy of the Prefrontal Cortex

Fuster

2015

The Prefrontal Cortex

336

342

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“…However, this view has been challenged by Afifi et al [ 1974] based on findings with the Fink-Heimer technique. The existence of such a tract is rather well established in primates [Levin, 1936;Verhaart and Kennard, 1940;Kiinzle, 1978] including man [Beck, 1950;Kunki and Ban, 1952]. It has also been recently demonstrated in rats [Beckstead, 1979].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Effects of Frontal Motor Cortex Ablation on the Ultrastructure of Cat Substantia Nigra

Nitsch¹,

Mews²,

Wagner³

et al. 1984

Cells Tissues Organs

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3, 4 and 5 days after the removal by suction of the left motor and premotor cortex in cats, the presence of ultrastructural changes in the substantia nigra was investigated. Whereas after 3 days dark bouton degeneration was rare, after 4- and 5-day survival it was regularly found for a distinct type of synapse containing in its bouton densely packed small round vesicles and possessing an asymmetric synaptic junction with a dendrite. Often these darkly degenerated boutons contained dense bodies which were also observed in the same type of synapse not yet exhibiting a dark axoplasm. Various inclusions, especially glycogen depots, were present in these boutons suggesting that they were in the process of degeneration. The glial reaction was comparatively severe. In addition, darkly shrunken dendrites contacted both, by intact and by altered boutons were frequently encountered as well as single degenerated neuronal perikarya. The nature of this effect, i.e. whether transneuronal or retrograde, could not be clarified. All these alterations were found bilaterally after the unilateral cortex ablation, and were confined to the substantia nigra pars compacta along its whole anterior-posterior extent. In the pars reticulata, solely traversing myelinated axons in the process of degeneration were observed. Thus, the results are in agreement with the older studies and with evidence from primates demonstrating that the substantia nigra receives a bilateral projection from the motor and premotor cortex.

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The efferent fibers of the frontal lobe of the monkey, Macaca mulatta

Cited by 145 publications

References 17 publications

Origin of the pyramidal tract in the cat*

Origin of the pyramidal tract in the cat*

Anatomy of the Prefrontal Cortex

Effects of Frontal Motor Cortex Ablation on the Ultrastructure of Cat Substantia Nigra

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