Research has shown that judgments of learning (JOLs) often produce a reactive effect on the learning of cue-target pairs in which target recall differs between participants who provide item-based JOLs at study versus those who do not. Positive reactivity, or the memory improvement found when JOLs are provided, is typically observed on related pairs, while no reactivity is commonly found on unrelated pairs. In four experiments, we examined JOL reactivity effects by comparing JOL and no-JOL groups to other groups who engaged in relational-type encoding/judgment tasks. Experiment 1 replicated positive JOL reactivity effects with related pairs with an extension to symmetrically related pairs. Next, Experiment 2 found that providing judgments of associative memory-a task that does not involve memory predictions-yielded equivalent reactivity patterns as JOLs. Experiment 3 replicated this reactivity pattern using a frequency of co-occurrence judgment task. Finally, In Experiment 4, a similar positive reactivity pattern was found using a relational encoding task when compared to a standard JOL. Collectively, our results suggest that previous JOL reactivity patterns are not solely due to memory forecasting processes via JOLs and likely reflect relational encoding that is strategically applied towards related, but not unrelated pairs. Keywords Metamemory • Judgments of learning • Reactivity • Relational encoding • Associative direction • Cued-recall An individual's ability to accurately monitor the progress of their own learning is critical for successful retention. Effective monitoring allows individuals to adjust their study strategies to maximize memory performance (Nelson & Narens, 1990) and provides insights on how best to allocate memorial resources to optimize learning (Soderstrom et al., 2015; see also Bjork, 1999, for a review). Empirically, information about learning processes can R code used for data screening and analyses as well as all applicable stimuli and data files have been made available on our OSF page (https:// osf. io/ 8yvn3/).