The Effects of Walking Speed on the Biomechanics of Backpack Load Carriage

Harman, Everett A.; Han, Ki Hoon; Frykman, Peter; Pandorf, Clay E.

doi:10.21236/ada378381

Cited by 26 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Interestingly, they observed a reduction in tibial acceleration when a 40% load was carried, whereas values at the head were similar to those without the extra load. In contrast, Harman et al (2000) and Goh et al (1998) found that greater loads led to higher impact, braking and propulsive forces, although these authors did not report specific values and, therefore, the effects of backpack carrying on the force transmission was unreported. Voloshin (2000) stated accelerations measured at the tibial tuberosity to be between 1–5 G when walking and Kiskii et al (2008) showed that the body can be subjected to accelerations over 10 G when an individual undertakes whole body vibration training.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The joints of the human musculoskeletal systems act like a shock absorber, which means that they attenuate and dissipate the shock initiated from the foot, protecting the joints located further along the path of the shock wave propagation towards the head (Wosk and Voloshin, 1981; Voloshin, 2000 ). In order to measure these shock waves, an accelerometer is commonly attached to a body part where the bone is very close to the skin such as the tibial tuberosity, the sacrum or the forehead to measure the shock waves experienced during any physical activity ( Harman et al, 2000 ; Holt et al, 2005 ; Kiiski et al, 2008 ; Pérez and Llana, 2007 ; Ren et al, 2007 ). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Different Backpack Loads in Acceleration Transmission during Recreational Distance Walking

Lucas-Cuevas

Pérez-Soriano

Bush

et al. 2013

Journal of Human Kinetics

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It is well established nowadays the benefits that physical activity can have on the health of individuals. Walking is considered a fundamental method of movement and using a backpack is a common and economical manner of carrying load weight. Nevertheless, the shock wave produced by the impact forces when carrying a backpack can have detrimental effects on health status. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate differences in the accelerations placed on males and females whilst carrying different loads when walking. Twenty nine sports science students (16 males and 13 females) participated in the study under 3 different conditions: no weight, 10% and 20% body weight (BW) added in a backpack. Accelerometers were attached to the right shank and the centre of the forehead. Results showed that males have lower accelerations than females both in the head (2.62 ± 0.43G compared to 2.83 + 0.47G) and shank (1.37 ± 0.14G compared to 1.52 ± 0.15G; p<0.01). Accelerations for males and females were consistent throughout each backpack condition (p>0.05). The body acts as a natural shock absorber, reducing the amount of force that transmits through the body between the foot (impact point) and head. Anthropometric and body mass distribution differences between males and females may result in women receiving greater impact acceleration compared to men when the same load is carried.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Different Backpack Loads in Acceleration Transmission during Recreational Distance Walking

Lucas-Cuevas

Pérez-Soriano

Bush

et al. 2013

Journal of Human Kinetics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In addition, increases in load weight have been found to alter biomechanical aspects of gait and posture, which includes altering the shape of the load carrier's spine (Meakin, Smith, Gilbert, & Aspden, 2008;Orloff & Rapp, 2004). As such, load carriage tasks place additional stress on the musculoskeletal system of the carrier (Harman, Han, & Frykman, 2000;Polcyn, Bensel, Harman, & Obusek, 2000) creating a risk for musculoskeletal injury (Wright, 2009). Apart from financial costs associated with the treatment of injuries, injuries sustained during load carriage can impact on the occupational capacity of the military through both decreasing their force generation capacity (ability to recruit and train a soldier) and their force maintenance capacity (ability to maintain a combat ready soldier) (Orr, Pope, Johnston, & Coyle, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soldier occupational load carriage: a narrative review of associated injuries

Orr

Pope

Johnston

et al. 2013

International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion

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This narrative review examines injuries sustained by soldiers undertaking occupational load carriage tasks. Military soldiers are required to carry increasingly heavier occupational loads. These loads have been found to increase the physiological cost to the soldier and alter their gait mechanics. Aggregated research findings suggest that the lower limbs are the most frequent anatomical site of injury associated with load carriage. While foot blisters are common, other prevalent lower limb injuries include stress fractures, knee and foot pain, and neuropathies, like digitalgia and meralgia. Shoulder neuropathies (brachial plexus palsy) and lower back injuries are not uncommon. Soldier occupational load carriage has the potential to cause injuries that impact on force generation and force sustainment. Through understanding the nature of these injuries targeted interventions, like improved physical conditioning and support to specialised organisations, can be employed.

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“…Erector spinae helps in adjustment of posture during uphill walking. As the back load increases the inclination of trunk rises to keep the COM above the feet 32 . Silder 33 , et al studied the effect of three gradients, without load on vastus medialis and soleus muscles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Muscular Fatigue with Electromyography on Lower Back and Leg Muscles during Continuous Uphill and Downhill Load Carriage Task

et al. 2017

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Soldiers of Indian Army need to carry moderate to heavy load in complex terrain conditions as their routine activity, which may prove to be highly tiring for leg and back muscles. Soldiers' regular movement at hilly area was simulated in a study consisting of a continuous uphill (UH) and downhill (DH) load carriage task to monitor state of fatigue at back and lower limb muscles. Twelve Indian soldiers walked at a fixed speed on five UH and five DH gradients with three loads (0, 10.7 kg and 21.4 kg). Electromyographic (EMG) recording was carried out throughout the experimentation on four groups of muscles-left and right Erector spinae (ESR and ESL), Vastus medialis (VMR and VML), Gastrocnemius medialis (GMR and GML), and Soleus (SOR and SOL) muscles. Median frequency (MDF) responses of tested muscles were derived from raw (EMG) data. Higher level of muscle fatigue was observed at highest UH inclination as the MDF response in GMR, GML and VMR was lowest at this point. The MDF response were found to be lower at DH gradients as the physical demand of that stage is less than the UH gradients.

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The Effects of Walking Speed on the Biomechanics of Backpack Load Carriage

Cited by 26 publications

References 39 publications

Effects of Different Backpack Loads in Acceleration Transmission during Recreational Distance Walking

Effects of Different Backpack Loads in Acceleration Transmission during Recreational Distance Walking

Soldier occupational load carriage: a narrative review of associated injuries

Assessment of Muscular Fatigue with Electromyography on Lower Back and Leg Muscles during Continuous Uphill and Downhill Load Carriage Task

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