The Effects of Visibility on Interaction in a Dyad

Argyle, Michael; Lalljee, Mansur; Cook, Mark

doi:10.1177/001872676802100101

Cited by 211 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Clearly, at this dis tance females appear to "withdraw" visually from the interaction. This interpretation is consistent with a report that females found communication extremely difficult when they could not see their partner (Argyle, Lalljee, & Cook, 1968).…”

Section: Differential Effects Of Distance On Male and Female Visual Bsupporting

confidence: 93%

A further look at equilibrium theory: Visual interaction as a function of interpersonal distance

Aiello

1977

J Nonverbal Behav

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This paper presents a study that examined the relationship between visual interaction and interpersonal distance as it relates to an equilibrium theory of social interaction. Differential boundaries were found to exist for the effect of distance on five highly related male and female visual behaviors, exemplifying different overall equilibrium levels for the sexes. While males looked more as dis tance increased, females looked less after an intermediate distance of 6.5 feet. These data support a modified equilibrium model that posits that eye contact functions to regulate the comfort of an interaction and is also a response to the degree of interaction comfort; further, comfortable interaction distances promote eye contact and, more importantly, uncomfortable distances diminish it. Because women tend to be more oriented toward inclusive relationships, they are more comfortable at closer interaction distances and, hence, look more at these dis tances. At greater distance, however, they are more uncomfortable and, conse quently, look less.The role of visual behavior during social interaction has interest ed man from his earliest days, but only in the past decade have social scientists focused empirical attention on this mode of behavior (for a

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Section: Differential Effects Of Distance On Male and Female Visual Bsupporting

confidence: 93%

A further look at equilibrium theory: Visual interaction as a function of interpersonal distance

Aiello

1977

J Nonverbal Behav

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“…Research on interruptions has generally shown that men interrupt women much more often than women interrupt men (Argyle et al, 1968;Eakins and Eakins, 1978;Kester, in Kramer;Natale et al, 1979;Octigan and Niederman, 1979;Zimmerman and West, 1975). Zimmerman and West felt that the differences among cross-sex dyads were reflections of the power and dominance enjoyed by men in society, and in a subsequent study (West and Zimmerman, 1977) found the same sort of marked asymmetry in rates of interruptions among adult-child dyads, thereby giving further credence to the idea that the differences were tied to status.…”

Section: Conversational Division Of Labormentioning

confidence: 98%

“…A large body of research, however, indicates that men talk more than women do (Argyle et al, 1968;Bernard, 1972;Hilpert et al, 1975;Kester, cited in Kramer, 1974;Marlatt, 1970;Rosenfeld, 1966;Soskin and John, 1963;Strodtbeck, 1951;Swacker, 1975).…”

Section: Conversational Division Of Labormentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex and Power in Interaction: Conversational Privileges and Duties

Kollock¹,

Blumstein²,

Schwartz³

1985

American Sociological Review

192

101

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In recent years there has been a growing research interest in sex differences in speech (e.g., Thorne and Henley, 1975; Thorne et al., 1983). Conversational behavior, it was once argued, can be viewed as having a "male dialect" and a "female dialect" (Kramer, 1974). More recent commentators feel that such a conceptualization exaggerates and at the same time oversimplifies the differences between men's and women's speech (Thorne et al., 1983: 14). However, neither these authors, nor any others, deny that there are significant sex differences in verbal interaction.As various sex differences were observed, some authors began to look at possible reasons for their existence and at their implications. Notably, some researchers (cf. Fishman, 1978; *Direct all correspondence to: Peter Kollock, Philip Blumstein, and Pepper Schwartz, Department of Sociology, DK-40, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195.This research was supported in part by NSF grant SES-7617497 and a research assistantship to the first author from the Graduate School of the University of Washington. A draft of this paper was presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, San Antonio, 1984.The authors are grateful to these colleagues for comments on an earlier draft of this paper: Nancy Durbin, Mary Rogers Gillmore, Laurie Russell Hatch, Judith A. Howard, Mary Savage Leber, Anne Martin, Barbara Risman, Donald Stull and Toshio Yamagishi. We would also like to thank Sandra Hayashi for her work in coding the conversations. Thorne and Henley, 1975) felt that these differences were tied not solely to sex, but to power as well. In looking, for example, at differences in the amount of time spent talking, at terms of address, and at intenuption patterns, the implication was that observed sex differences in language mirror the overall difference in power between men and women, and that the way in which people communicate reflects and reinforces the hierarchical relationships that exist around them.As intriguing or intuitively appealing as these questions may be, there have been few studies to test empirically what relationship power and sex have to the observed differences in men's and women's speech.

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“…Gaze is perhaps one of the most nuanced types of interaction. Facial expressions lasting as little as 200 ms have meaning in the interpretation of an interaction [8], (see also [1] and [2]). Gaze is also a minor violation of everyday decorum.…”

Section: Eligibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct and Mediated Interaction in the Maintenance of Social Relationships

Ling

2000

IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology

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Abstract:This paper is an analysis of how mediated interaction has changed the ways in which we establish and develop interpersonal relationships. The paper examines the dimensions of friendship and also the attempts to separate out the role of interaction via various media such as mobile telephony, MUDs, MOOs, and IRe. The paper finds that interaction via the Internet may aid the establishment of relationships. The relationships are, however, slower to develop and necessarily migrate over to other forms of communication including face to face interaction. After the establishment of a relationship there is a preference for more simultaneous, direct interaction with which one can co-ordinate every day activities.

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The Effects of Visibility on Interaction in a Dyad

Cited by 211 publications

References 10 publications

A further look at equilibrium theory: Visual interaction as a function of interpersonal distance

A further look at equilibrium theory: Visual interaction as a function of interpersonal distance

Sex and Power in Interaction: Conversational Privileges and Duties

Direct and Mediated Interaction in the Maintenance of Social Relationships

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