The effects of unconditional stimulus valence and conditioning paradigm on verbal, skeleto-motor, and autonomic indices of human Pavlovian conditioning

Lipp, Ottmar V.; Siddle, David A.T.; Dall, Patricia J.

doi:10.1016/s0023-9690(02)00507-6

Cited by 26 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Third, the magnitude of phasic fear-potentiated startle is generally larger for a verbal threat. For example, we have shown that startle magnitude can be doubled during verbal threat (Grillon et al , 1991, 1993a, b), whereas we and others have reported startle potentiation of <50% during fear conditioning paradigms (Baas et al , 2004; Lipp et al , 1994, 2003), although it can be higher in certain patients (Jovanovic et al , 2009). Finally, as learning is minimized during verbal threat, such procedures can be used in repeated designs.…”

Section: Models To Study Phasic Fear In Rats and Humansmentioning

confidence: 55%

Phasic vs Sustained Fear in Rats and Humans: Role of the Extended Amygdala in Fear vs Anxiety

Davis

Walker

Miles

et al. 2009

Neuropsychopharmacol

1,279

1,436

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Data will be reviewed using the acoustic startle reflex in rats and humans based on our attempts to operationally define fear vs anxiety. Although the symptoms of fear and anxiety are very similar, they also differ. Fear is a generally adaptive state of apprehension that begins rapidly and dissipates quickly once the threat is removed (phasic fear). Anxiety is elicited by less specific and less predictable threats, or by those that are physically or psychologically more distant. Thus, anxiety is a more long-lasting state of apprehension (sustained fear). Rodent studies suggest that phasic fear is mediated by the amygdala, which sends outputs to the hypothalamus and brainstem to produce symptoms of fear. Sustained fear is also mediated by the amygdala, which releases corticotropin-releasing factor, a stress hormone that acts on receptors in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), a part of the so-called ‘extended amygdala.’ The amygdala and BNST send outputs to the same hypothalamic and brainstem targets to produce phasic and sustained fear, respectively. In rats, sustained fear is more sensitive to anxiolytic drugs. In humans, symptoms of clinical anxiety are better detected in sustained rather than phasic fear paradigms.

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Section: Models To Study Phasic Fear In Rats and Humansmentioning

confidence: 55%

Phasic vs Sustained Fear in Rats and Humans: Role of the Extended Amygdala in Fear vs Anxiety

Davis

Walker

Miles

et al. 2009

Neuropsychopharmacol

1,279

1,436

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Opposite predictions are made by accounts that propose that the process underlying EC is the same as the process underlying (other forms of) Pavlovian Conditioning (Lipp et al, 2003; Lipp and Purkis, 2005, 2006). Pavlovian Conditioning is generally regarded as a form of signal learning in which propositions are formed about CS–US contingencies.…”

Section: Experiments 2: Extinctionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…So far studies examining the role of extinction in EC have yielded mixed results, several studies report that the evaluation of the CS remains stable after an extinction procedure (Baeyens et al, 1988; Díaz et al, 2005), while others found that the evaluations returned to neutral during extinction (Lipp et al, 2003; Lipp and Purkis, 2006). A recent meta-analysis suggests that the EC effect does not disappear after repeated presentation, but does decrease compared to the effect measured directly after conditioning (Hofmann et al, 2010).…”

Section: Experiments 2: Extinctionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluative Conditioning Induces Changes in Sound Valence

2012

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Through evaluative conditioning (EC) a stimulus can acquire an affective value by pairing it with another affective stimulus. While many sounds we encounter daily have acquired an affective value over life, EC has hardly been tested in the auditory domain. To get a more complete understanding of affective processing in auditory domain we examined EC of sound. In Experiment 1 we investigated whether the affective evaluation of short environmental sounds can be changed using affective words as unconditioned stimuli (US). Congruency effects on an affective priming task for conditioned sounds demonstrated successful EC. Subjective ratings for sounds paired with negative words changed accordingly. In Experiment 2 we investigated whether extinction occurs, i.e., whether the acquired valence remains stable after repeated presentation of the conditioned sound without the US. The acquired affective value remained present, albeit weaker, even after 40 extinction trials. These results provide clear evidence for EC effects in the auditory domain. We will argue that both associative as well as propositional processes are likely to underlie these effects.

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“…Moreover, significant startle potentiation has been found in anticipation of pleasant stimuli (Lipp et al, 2001;Sabatinelli et al, 2001). Finally, in conditioning procedures, significant startle potentiation has been found during nonaversive conditioning and in absence of a change of conditional stimulus valence (Lipp, 2002;Lipp et al, 2003b). Blink startle potentiation is a highly useful and versatile measure that can provide psychophysiologists with unique insights that are otherwise not available.…”

Section: Dear Editormentioning

confidence: 99%

A.O. Re. Hamm, A.I. Weike, 2005. The neuropsychology of fear-learning and fear regulation. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 57, 5–14

Lipp¹

2006

International Journal of Psychophysiology

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The effects of unconditional stimulus valence and conditioning paradigm on verbal, skeleto-motor, and autonomic indices of human Pavlovian conditioning

Cited by 26 publications

References 25 publications

Phasic vs Sustained Fear in Rats and Humans: Role of the Extended Amygdala in Fear vs Anxiety

Phasic vs Sustained Fear in Rats and Humans: Role of the Extended Amygdala in Fear vs Anxiety

Evaluative Conditioning Induces Changes in Sound Valence

A.O. Re. Hamm, A.I. Weike, 2005. The neuropsychology of fear-learning and fear regulation. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 57, 5–14

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