The Effects of Tree Nut and Peanut Consumption on Energy Compensation and Energy Expenditure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Nikodijevic, Cassandra J.; Probst, Yasmine; Tan, Sze‐Yen; Neale, Elizabeth P.

doi:10.1016/j.advnut.2022.10.006

Cited by 9 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 71 publications

(407 reference statements)

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“…The mechanisms underlying this relationship are unclear but they may be related to appetite regulation, increased resting energy expenditure, and inefficient energy absorption from nuts [4,[8][9][10][11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Epidemiological studies and clinical trials indicate an inverse association between nut consumption and body mass index (BMI), suggesting that nut consumption could be protective against accumulation of adiposity [2–7]. The mechanisms underlying this relationship are unclear but they may be related to appetite regulation, increased resting energy expenditure, and inefficient energy absorption from nuts [4, 8–12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Almonds vs. carbohydrate snacks in an energy‐restricted diet: Weight and cardiometabolic outcomes from a randomized trial

Carter,

Hill,

Mead

et al. 2023

Obesity

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ObjectiveThis study evaluated weight and cardiometabolic outcomes after a 3‐month energy‐restricted diet (−30%) containing almonds (almond‐enriched diet [AED]) or containing carbohydrate‐rich snacks (nut‐free control diet [NFD]) (Phase 1), followed by 6 months of weight maintenance (Phase 2).MethodsParticipants (25–65 years old) with overweight or obesity (BMI 27.5–34.9 kg/m2) were randomly allocated to AED (n = 68) or NFD (n = 72).ResultsBoth groups lost weight during Phase 1 (p < 0.001) (mean [SE], −7.0 [0.5] kg AED vs. −7.0 [0.5] kg NFD, p = 0.858) and Phase 2 (p = 0.009) (−1.1 [0.5] kg AED vs. −1.3 [0.6] NFD, p = 0.756), with improvements in percentage lean mass after Phase 2 (4.8% [0.3%], p < 0.001). Reductions occurred in fasting glucose (−0.2 [0.07] mmol/L, p = 0.003), insulin (−8.1 [4.0] pmol/L, p = 0.036), blood pressure (−4.9 [0.8] mm/Hg systolic, −5.0 [0.5] mm/Hg diastolic, p < 0.001), total cholesterol (−0.3 [0.1] mmol/L), low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) (−0.2 [0.1] mmol/L), very low‐density lipoprotein (−0.1 [0.03] mmol/L), and triglycerides (−0.3 [0.06] mmol/L) (all p < 0.001), and high‐density lipoprotein increased (0.1 [0.02] mmol/L, p = 0.011) by the end of Phase 2 in both groups. There were group by time interactions for lipoprotein particle concentrations: very small triglyceride‐rich (−31.0 [7.7] nmol/L AED vs. −4.8 [7.9] nmol/L NFD, p = 0.007), small LDL (−109.3 [40.5] nmol/L AED vs. −20.7 [41.6] nmol/L NFD, p = 0.017), and medium LDL (−24.4 [43.4] nmol/L AED vs. −130.5 [44.4] nmol/L NFD, p = 0.045).ConclusionsAn energy‐restricted AED resulted in weight loss and weight loss maintenance comparable to an energy‐restricted NFD, and both diets supported cardiometabolic health. The AED resulted in greater improvements in some lipoprotein subfractions, which may enhance reductions in cardiovascular risk.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Almonds vs. carbohydrate snacks in an energy‐restricted diet: Weight and cardiometabolic outcomes from a randomized trial

Carter,

Hill,

Mead

et al. 2023

Obesity

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“…18 The metabolisable energy (energy available to the body after ingestion) of several nut types and forms has been found to differ from that predicted using Atwater factors. 19 Atwater factors provide an energy value for each energyyielding proximate or macronutrient (carbohydrate, fat, protein, alcohol) and are used to estimate the energy content of foods and beverages. 20 A lower metabolisable energy of nuts may explain the lack of an association between regular nut intake and body weight.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, the roasting process increases lipid release from within cells, and chopping nuts physically ruptures cell walls, allowing further lipid release. 19 Another mechanism which may explain the lack of association between nut intake and body weight is energy compensation, which is the reduction in energy intake after nut ingestion, 21 with a recent systematic review finding energy compensation to occur following nut intake, particularly when nuts were consumed as a snack. 22 The relevance of these energy-regulating mechanisms of nuts at a population level needs to be explored.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…19 Another mechanism which may explain the lack of association between nut intake and body weight is energy compensation, which is the reduction in energy intake after nut ingestion, 21 with a recent systematic review finding energy compensation to occur following nut intake, particularly when nuts were consumed as a snack. 22 The relevance of these energy-regulating mechanisms of nuts at a population level needs to be explored. To our knowledge, there is no research that investigates the impact of applying metabolisable energy of nuts on energy intake using population intake data.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metabolisable energy from nuts and patterns of nut consumption in the Australian population: a secondary analysis of the 2011–12 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey

Nikodijevic,

Probst,

Tan

et al. 2024

J Human Nutrition Diet

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BackgroundNut intake is not associated with increased body weight, which may be explained by their metabolisable energy, among other factors. Therefore, total energy intake may be overestimated among nut consumers. This study aimed to describe the metabolisable energy from nuts and nut consumption patterns in the Australian population.MethodsA nut‐specific database was expanded to include metabolisable energy of nuts (based on nut type and form) and applied to the 2011–12 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (NNPAS). Participants were Australians aged 2 years and older from the 2011–12 NNPAS (n = 12,153, with n = 4,765 nut consumers). Mean metabolisable energy intake was compared with mean energy intake using Atwater factors in nut consumers. Additionally, nut consumption patterns were explored, including the proportion of nuts consumed at meals and snacks.ResultsAmong nut consumers, mean metabolisable energy from nuts based only on nut type was 241.2 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 232.0, 250.5) kJ/day and mean metabolisable energy considering both nut type and form was 260.7 (95% CI: 250.2, 271.2) kJ/day. Energy intake from nuts using Atwater factors was 317.6 (95% CI: 304.8, 330.3) kJ/day. Nuts were more likely to be consumed at snack occasions, with approximately 63% of nut intake occurring as a snack.ConclusionApplication of metabolisable energy to the 2011–12 NNPAS has a significant impact on calculation of energy intake from nuts. Nut consumption patterns identified a majority of nut consumption occurring as snacks. These findings may inform strategies to support nut consumption in Australia.

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Nut and seed consumption is inversely associated with metabolic syndrome in females but not males: findings from the 2005–2018 NHANES data

et al. 2023

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Purpose To assess the association between nut and seed consumption, both combined and separately, and metabolic syndrome and its components, including fasting glucose, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, central obesity, and blood pressure. Methods This cross-sectional analysis used data from 22,687 adults (aged ≥ 18 years) involved in seven cycles (2005–2018) of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Habitual nut and seed intakes were estimated by the Multiple Source Method using data from two 24-h dietary recalls. Metabolic syndrome was ascertained using biochemical data and self-reported medication use. Sex-specific effect estimates were obtained using logistic and linear regressions adjusting for lifestyle and socioeconomic confounders. Results Compared to non-consumers, female, but not male, habitual consumers of either nuts or seeds had lower odds of having metabolic syndrome (OR: 0.83, 95% CI 0.71, 0.97). Both nut intake alone and seed intake alone were inversely associated with high fasting glucose and low HDL-cholesterol in females compared to non-consumers. When restricted to habitual consumers only, the combined intake of nuts and seeds at 6 g/day was associated with the lowest triglycerides and highest HDL-cholesterol in females. Combined consumption of nuts and seeds up to one ounce-equivalent (15 g) per day, but not in higher intake levels, was inversely associated with metabolic syndrome, high fasting glucose, central obesity, and low HDL-cholesterol in females. Conclusions Nut and seed consumption, both separately or combined, below 15 g/day was inversely associated with metabolic syndrome and its component conditions in females but not males.

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The Effects of Tree Nut and Peanut Consumption on Energy Compensation and Energy Expenditure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Cited by 9 publications

References 71 publications

Almonds vs. carbohydrate snacks in an energy‐restricted diet: Weight and cardiometabolic outcomes from a randomized trial

Almonds vs. carbohydrate snacks in an energy‐restricted diet: Weight and cardiometabolic outcomes from a randomized trial

Metabolisable energy from nuts and patterns of nut consumption in the Australian population: a secondary analysis of the 2011–12 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey

Nut and seed consumption is inversely associated with metabolic syndrome in females but not males: findings from the 2005–2018 NHANES data

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