The invasive bivalve species Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771) has become one of the most dominant species in many lakes and rivers of Europe and North America. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in the structure of the visceral mass depending on the reproductive cycle and to determine the presence and effects of trematodes on the zebra mussel. Mussels were collected from the Dubrava dam reservoir during eight sampling sessions from January to December 2000. For histological analysis, 80 mussels were placed in Bouin's fixative for 24 hours, embedded in paraffin and cut with a microtome into 10 µm slices. The sections were then stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Analysis of non-infected bivalves indicated that gametogenesis started in late summer, while spawning began in April. In July, the majority of mussels were in the post-spawning stage. Two mussels were infected with Bucephalus polymorphus, one with Echinoparyphium recurvatum and one with Aspidogaster limacoides. Obtained results demonstrated that the gonads were the most affected organs in mussels infected by B. polymorphus, the infection by A. limacoides resulted in a significant reduction of all investigated organs, while the infection by E. recurvatum had no visible pathogenic changes in the structure of visceral mass.
Keywords: zebra mussel; Dreissena polymorpha; trematodes; Bucephalus polymorphus Echinoparyphium recurvatum; Aspidogaster limacoides
IntroductionThe invasive bivalve species zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha, Pallas, 1771) is a Ponto-Caspian species that began to spread throughout the watercourses of Europe in the early 19th century (Morton, 1969;Stanczykowska, 1977), and its spread continues today. This species began to colonize Croatian waterbodies only in the 1980s, when .... it began to spread from the Danube upstream into the Drava River. In the early 1990s, D. polymorpha was first found in the Dubrava dam reservoir lake (Erben et al., 2000). In the meantime, it has spread upstream to the Čakovec dam reservoir lake and the Varaždin dam reservoir lake, and is currently present throughout the entire course of the Drava River flowing through Croatia (Lajtner et al. 2004;Erben et al., 2009). In 1985, this species was reported in the Great Lakes of North America (Hebert et al., 1989) and quickly spread to new areas. Wherever this species appears, it quickly becomes very abundant within freshwater ecosystems and has thus resulted in significant ecological and economic impacts. This species has also been a vector for the spread of other species, especially endosymbionts Burlakova et al., 2000). Molloy et al. (1997) listed 34 taxa of endosymbionts, including ciliates, trematodes, nematodes, chironomids, oligochaetes, mites and leeches associated with Dreissena. Seven genera of trematodes have been reported as parasites of Dreissena spp.: Bucephalus (Digenea: Bucephalidae), Phyllodistomum (Digenea: Gorgoderidae), Echinoparyphium and Echinostoma (Digenea: Echinostomatidae), Sanguinicola (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae), Leucochlor...