“…AGV robots are a good solution for plants that are characterized by low variability of the production process and not very large distances between logistic destinations. In the case of frequent changes in the production process, dynamically changing environment in the plant (e.g., moving workers) [ 7 ], disturbances [ 8 , 9 ] and obstacles [ 10 ], a safe and flexible control system is required to allow for environmental changes [ 11 , 12 , 13 ] or reprogramming of the carts for other tasks. Searching for the most appropriate path planning algorithm according to user requirements can be challenging given the large number of examples existing in the literature [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ].…”