The Effects of the Planned High-Speed Rail System on Travel Times and Spatial Development in the European Alps

Abstract

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Out of the city – but how and where? A mode-destination choice model for urban–rural tourism trips in Austria

“…Please note that the car travel time is obtained from a routing information system, which returns the net travel time without breaks, whereas the public travel time is the actual scheduled time of real-life connections. This finding is in line with previous research from Spain and various alpine countries, which concludes that travel time of PT becomes more competitive over longer distances (Gutiérrez & Miravet, 2016;Ravazzoli et al, 2017), often facilitated by an effective high-speed rail network in place. The distance was left unchanged; it captures the sensitivity to the distance as such (if there is any) plus the sensitivity to that part of travel duration, which would result from a travel at average speed.…”

“…PT travellers are more willing to accept long distances, first because they can use the time for pleasurable things and second because longer distances benefit from high-speed trains. For the destinations, this means that PT has the potential of attracting visitors from further away if they can offer a train connection (Ravazzoli et al, 2017). PT operators, on the other hand, are required to provide comfortable and affordable train connections to the destinations.…”

“…The negative influence of distance on any mode choice probability might be caused by (fairly) linearly increasing travel costs instead of actual travel time. The latter increases less linearly (Kelly et al, 2007;Seddighi & Theocharous, 2002) with high-speed infrastructure (highways, high-speed trains) becoming available on longer distances, favouring PT usage for long-distance trips (Gutiérrez & Miravet, 2016;Ravazzoli et al, 2017).…”

“…bus vs. train), as well as the type of train (regional vs. high-speed), the number of required transfers as well as the frequency of transport connections are influential factors (Kelly et al, 2007;Le-Klähn et al, 2014). In that context, regular high-speed train connections are an effective tool to foster tourism developments and increase PT attractiveness for tourists, both in Spain (Albalate & Fageda, 2016) and for alpine areas in Europe (Ravazzoli et al, 2017).…”

The impact of high-speed railway on tourism spatial structures between two adjoining metropolitan cities in China: Beijing and Tianjin

“…The opening of a HSR will increase accessibility in general (Ravazzoli et al, 2017) and can will disrupt regional spatial structures (Wang et al, 2018) to the extent that there may be both winner and loser cities (Fröidh, 2005;Wang et al, 2019). Chen and Haynes (2015) found significant positive effects of HSR on accessibility as well as economic convergence in several regions of China.…”