“…Notably, also the household survey from the Preventive Medicine 52 (2011) 182-183 To our knowledge, only another study, from the USA, analyzed the effect of economic crisis on smoking prevalence (Ruhm, 2005), providing findings in apparent contrast with ours (Ruhm, 2005). That study, using data from the Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) on almost 1.5 million subjects interviewed between 1987 and 2000, showed that smoking slightly declined during temporary economic downturns (Ruhm, 2005;Martin-Moreno et al, 2010). However, in that study, the direct association observed between employment rate and smoking prevalence was mainly due to an apparent increase in smoking prevalence between 1995 and 1996, which can be partly or largely attributed to a change in survey questions in 1996 (CDC, 1996).…”