The Effects of the COVID-19 Environments on Changes in Body Composition in Japanese Elite Fencing Athlete

Yasuda, Jun; Kondo, Emi; Takai, Eri; Eda, Nobuhiko; Azuma, Yasuyuki; Motonaga, Keiko; Dohi, Michiko; Kamei, Akiko

doi:10.3390/sports9070095

Cited by 9 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(18 reference statements)

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“…Results of our study are somewhat different to what has been reported in the general population in response to the COVID-19 lockdown, which have found weight gain that was partially due to a decrease in activity [15,16]. Prior studies in athletes and nonathlete college students reported a gain in body fat and loss of muscle mass during COVID-19, despite a shorter window of assessment compared to our study (2 months vs. 6-7 months) [5,17,18]. The study of elite fencing athletes by Yasuda, et al [5] showed no change in body composition for men but a gain in fat mass for women.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…Diet and PA quality responses of 1 (A lot worse) and 2 (Slightly worse) and 4 (Slightly better) and 5 (A lot better) were combined into single categories COVID-19 lockdowns on athlete body composition show conflicting results. Two studies, one in football players [4] with 4 months between pre-and post-COVID-19 measurements and a 2-month study in fencing athletes [5], both showed a gain of fat mass and loss of muscle mass. Alternatively, a study in soccer athletes showed no change in body composition [6] during 1 month in lockdown.…”

Section: Self-reported Changes In Diet and Pa Behaviors Questionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Untitled

2022

Int J Sports Exerc Med

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Background: In the spring of 2020, COVID-19 shocked the college sports world with athletes having seasons abruptly canceled and sent home under mandatory lockdown orders. Athletes and athletic performance staff had no idea when they would be back on campus or have access to oncampus athletics facilities. This situation caused substantial concern regarding potential adverse changes to athletic performance and body composition in the athletes. The purpose of this study is to assess how weight, muscle mass, and fat mass changed in collegiate athletes while they were prohibited from using on-campus athletic facilities due to the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: Body weight, fat mass, and muscle mass were measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis as part of routine care for 77 collegiate athletes (n = 43 male, n = 34 female) pre-lockdown (Jan 2020) and shortly after their return to on-campus training (Aug/Sept 2020). 4 questions were asked to assess eating behavior and physical activity. Pre-and post-lockdown body composition data and survey data were analyzed using ANOVA and ANCOVA (SAS 9.4). To account for differences in body size, height was used to calculate Body Mass Index (BMI), Fat Mass Index (FMI), and muscle mass index (MMI) for assessing changes in weight, fat mass, and muscle mass, respectively.Results: No significant differences by sex in BMI or MMI were detected between pre and post lockdown. FMI changed according to sex, males lost FMI and females gained FMI. Conclusion:These data demonstrate potential sex differences in fat mass changes among college athletes during a mandatory absence from on-campus athletic facilities and in-person support from coaching and performance staff. Future research should determine whether future breaks -either anticipated or unanticipatedinfluence body composition and what the drivers of changes in body composition may be. Such research may help to develop sex-specific strategies for maintaining optimal body composition and athletic performance during extended breaks from structured athletic training.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Self-reported Changes In Diet and Pa Behaviors Questionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

2022

Int J Sports Exerc Med

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“…The insufficient training stimulus, the reduction in the amount of physical activity in combination with social distancing and home isolation resulting from the Covid-19 quarantine promotes sedentary behavior and impaired nutritional habits [ 9 , 17 , 36 ]. Therefore, these could lead to a positive energy balance and negatively affect athletes’ body mass and body composition [ 17 , 22 , 37 , 38 ]. Previous investigations reported significant increases in body mass, body fat, and a decrease in resting metabolic rate following ~ 42 days of training cessation in athletes [ 38 , 39 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, these could lead to a positive energy balance and negatively affect athletes’ body mass and body composition [ 17 , 22 , 37 , 38 ]. Previous investigations reported significant increases in body mass, body fat, and a decrease in resting metabolic rate following ~ 42 days of training cessation in athletes [ 38 , 39 ]. In this study, no significant differences were found in body weight, body mass index, and body fat percentage, whereas lean body mass was significantly increased following the home-based training program during Covid-19 restriction in high-level kayak athletes (Table 1 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of a home-based exercise training program on anthropometric characteristics and exercise performance during Covid-19 quarantine in young high-level kayak athletes

Tsolakis

Cherouveim

Viliotis³

et al. 2022

Sport Sci Health

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Purpose The Covid-19 restriction exposed most athletes to insufficient training stimuli leading to detraining. This study investigated whether a home-based exercise training program could preserve body composition and exercise performance in young high-level kayak athletes during Covid-19 restriction. Methods Seventeen healthy young high-level kayak athletes (10 males and 7 females), aged 14.7 ± 1 yrs, participated in this study. A 7-week home-based training program was followed during Covid-19 restriction. Baseline measurements were assessed 4 weeks before Covid-19 pandemic and ended on 4 May 2020. Body composition, flexibility, isometric muscle trunk strength (Biodex), anaerobic power (30-s all-out trial), and aerobic capacity (4-min maximal test) were evaluated. Personal daily loads and wellness details were collected with AthleteMonitoring.com software. Results Home-based exercise training program was effective to improve flexibility (9.20 ± 2.85%) and lean body mass (3.96 ± 0.89%), to maintain muscle strength, anaerobic power, body mass, and body fat percentage but insufficient to maintain aerobic capacity (− 8.96 ± 2.49%). Conclusion The findings of the present study potentially highlight the importance of the implementation of such a program to minimize the detraining effect on young athletes during periods of movement restriction caused by pandemics.

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“…Athletic department staff should be aware of how breaks from campus impact athletes and have protocols in place to best help athletes during these times. lockdowns in the spring of 2020 [20,21]. These changes could be due to restrictions placed on gyms and other activities in parts of the country during the winter of 2020/21.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body Composition Changes in College Athletes During Holiday Breaks

Aston¹,

Drew²

2022

Int J Sports Exerc Med

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Background: Changes in eating and physical activity during the winter holiday season are commonly associated with weight gain in the general population. Concerns around weight and fat gain are also relevant to collegiate athletes who are generally unable to access on-campus dining and exercise facilities during this time. These concerns were exaggerated in 2020 due to changes in the academic and sports calendar as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic that lead to a holiday break that was 3 weeks longer than normal for many college athletes. The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in Body Mass Index (BMI), Fat Mass Index (FMI) and Muscle Mass Index (MMI) among college athletes during an extended and usual holiday break.Methods: Fat mass, muscle mass, and weight were measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis as part of routine care in college athletes within two weeks of leaving campus and return to campus during the extended winter break in 2020 (n = 124 athletes) and the usual winter break in 2021 (n = 64 athletes). Change values were calculated for each dependent variable. Differences between extended and normal winter breaks, male and female athletes, and a sex*break interaction were assessed using ANCOVA (BMI and FMI) and Kruskal-Wallis Test (MMI). All analyses were completed using SAS 9.4. Results:A significant sex*break interaction was observed for BMI and FMI. Male athletes gained BMI and FMI during the extended winter break compared to other sex*break conditions. No differences were found for change in MMI across conditions.Conclusions: These results demonstrate potential differences in weight and fat mass changes between male and female athletes during an extended holiday break. Future research should investigate whether body composition changes occur during other breaks athletes experience (e.g., summer break) and determine how weight-impacting behaviors such as diet and physical activity differ when they are on campus versus at home. This research can help athletics staff implement strategies to best help athletes maintain optimal body composition and performance during breaks.

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The Effects of the COVID-19 Environments on Changes in Body Composition in Japanese Elite Fencing Athlete

Cited by 9 publications

References 14 publications

Untitled

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Effect of a home-based exercise training program on anthropometric characteristics and exercise performance during Covid-19 quarantine in young high-level kayak athletes

Body Composition Changes in College Athletes During Holiday Breaks

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