The effects of the chemotherapy drug cyclophosphamide on the structure and functioning of freshwater communities under sub-tropical conditions: A mesocosm study

A study to assess the health effects of an anticancer drug (cyclophosphamide) in zebrafish (Danio rerio): eco-toxicity of emerging contaminants

“…50 The chronic toxicity data and nonlethal end points are more important to determine the potential impact of emerging contaminants (e.g., cyclophosphamide) on aquatic organisms. 21 To our knowledge, data on the chronic toxicity (42 days) of physiological and morphological biomarkers of aquatic organisms exposed to CP are lacking. Hence, we initiated the toxicity proles for CP on a non-target organism.…”

“…, cyclophosphamide) on aquatic organisms. 21 To our knowledge, data on the chronic toxicity (42 days) of physiological and morphological biomarkers of aquatic organisms exposed to CP are lacking. Hence, we initiated the toxicity profiles for CP on a non-target organism.…”

“…19,20 However, excess dosage or chronic usage causes serious health effects (haemorrhagic cystitis, nephrotoxicity, and cardiotoxicity) on patients. 17,21 Aer consumption, approximately 5-20% of CP is excreted as the unmetabolised compound. 1,22 As a result, the load of CP in wastewaters is predictable.…”

Evaluation of Cyclophosphamide on the Behavior and Reproduction of Daphnia magna

“…Meanwhile, CP has been shown to affect the behavior of aquatic organisms. The burrowing activity of the polychaete Nereis diversicolor (10 ng/L for 14 days) and the swimming capability of zebrafish larvae (500 ng/L for 7 days) are suppressed by CP. , In addition, CP has been shown to have various toxicity at the molecular level, including oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and apoptosis following an intraperitoneal injection approach or aqueous exposure of CP in fish. ,− Regarding the effects of CP on zooplankton, zooplankton are more sensitive than phytoplankton and macroinvertebrates to CP (compared with no observation effect concentrations (NOEC)) after 14 days of exposure in a mesocosm study . Except for the acute effects of zooplankton, ,, the time to first brood of D. magna is delayed by 10 ng/L CP .…”

“…18,20−23 Regarding the effects of CP on zooplankton, zooplankton are more sensitive than phytoplankton and macroinvertebrates to CP (compared with no observation effect concentrations (NOEC)) after 14 days of exposure in a mesocosm study. 24 Except for the acute effects of zooplankton, 15,16,25 the time to first brood of D. magna is delayed by 10 ng/L CP. 26 Nonetheless, the effects and the underlying mechanisms of CP on zooplankton have still remained less understood.…”