The Effects of TGF-β3 on the Proliferation and Function of Encapsulated Costal Cartilage Chondrocytes in Alginate Scaffold

Abstract

Introduction Cartilage is a specialized connective tissue containing extracellular matrix (ECM) rich in GAG and proteoglycans. This matrix can cause the cartilage to withstand mechanical pressure without permanent deformation. Also, these compounds create an appropriate smoothness and sliding in joints. 1 Cartilage tissue does not have a high regenerative power due to its lack of blood flow unlike the bone, which has a more efficient mechanism for repairing itself. 1 The damaged or eroded cartilage has limited ability to repair itself. It has also less power in malicious and wider damage. 2-6 Nowadays, cartilage diseases such as osteoarthritis are the most common skeletal diseases. These diseases are especially common in older people or athletes. According to a report, over 39 million people over 25 years in Europe and 26 million people in America experience osteoarthritis and have estimated this number to be doubled by 2020. 7,8 Today, the treatment of cartilage diseases is one of the biggest problems in the medical society. A series of new therapies has been taken into consideration based on tissue engineering in recent years for the treatment of cartilage diseases. The procedure requires proper scaffold, repairing cells, and growth factors. Tissue engineering of cartilage using stem cells is to either produce cartilage in the laboratory or to produce cartilage producing cells in the body. In the occasion that the cartilage is synthesized in the laboratory, it must be transplanted into the body and in the joints. In this type of treatment, the patient will not need artificial joints anymore. Among the appropriate treatment

Physicomechanical and cellular behavior of 3D printed polycaprolactone/poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) scaffold containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane and extracellular matrix nanoparticles for cartilage tissue engineering

“…The scaffolds were placed in a culture medium overnight. The human rib chondrocytes isolated in the previous studies were obtained from Department of Anatomical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, and cultured and used the following refreezing 30 . DMEM low glucose supplemented with 10% FBS and 100 μg ml −1 of penicillin–streptomycin was consumed as the culture medium.…”