“…In general, the toxicity of a range of substances such as metals (Dinh et al, 2013;Janssens, Dinh, Debecker, Bervoets, & Stoks, 2014;Sokolova & Lannig, 2008) and pesticides (Dinh, Janssens, Debecker, & Stoks, 2014a;Dinh, Janssens, & Stoks, 2016;Holmstrup et al, 2010) increases under elevated temperatures, causing synergistic effects of the stressors (Crain, Kroeker, & Halpern, 2008;Dinh et al, 2013Dinh et al, , 2014aDinh et al, , 2016Sokolova & Lannig, 2008). However, it is relatively unknown how the harmful effects of algal toxins may change under extreme temperatures (Lamb, Kimmel, & Field, 2019). This is highly relevant for two reasons.…”