The Effects of Temperature and Relative Humidity on the Viability of the SARS Coronavirus

Chan, Kwok Hung; Peiris, J S Malik; Lam, S. Y.; Poon, Leo L. M.; Yuen, Kwok‐Yung; Seto, W. H.

doi:10.1155/2011/734690

Cited by 899 publications

(1,015 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(38 reference statements)

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“…SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV appear to have an unusual capacity to survive on dry surfaces compared with other human coronaviruses (229E, OC43, and NL63). 17,28,27,31,44 SARS-CoV, like the non-enveloped adenovirus comparator, survived for more than six days when dried on to Petri dishes compared with human coronavirus HCoV-229E, which survived for less than 72 h. 28 Although data are limited, it appears that MERS-CoV may survive on surfaces for longer than most human coronaviruses. 16 Since other human coronaviruses do not share the unusual survival properties of SARS-CoV, TGEV and mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) are often used as surrogates.…”

Section: Survival On Dry Surfacesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission of SARS and MERS coronaviruses and influenza virus in healthcare settings: the possible role of dry surface contamination

Otter

Donskey²,

Yezli³

et al. 2016

Journal of Hospital Infection

713

623

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Viruses with pandemic potential including H1N1, H5N1, and H5N7 influenza viruses, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)/Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronaviruses (CoV) have emerged in recent years. SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and influenza virus can survive on surfaces for extended periods, sometimes up to months. Factors influencing the survival of these viruses on surfaces include: strain variation, titre, surface type, suspending medium, mode of deposition, temperature and relative humidity, and the method used to determine the viability of the virus. Environmental sampling has identified contamination in field-settings with SARS-CoV and influenza virus, although the frequent use of molecular detection methods may not necessarily represent the presence of viable virus. The importance of indirect contact transmission (involving contamination of inanimate surfaces) is uncertain compared with other transmission routes, principally direct contact transmission (independent of surface contamination), droplet, and airborne routes. However, influenza virus and SARS-CoV may be shed into the environment and be transferred from environmental surfaces to hands of patients and healthcare providers. Emerging data suggest that MERS-CoV also shares these properties. Once contaminated from the environment, hands can then initiate self-inoculation of mucous membranes of the nose, eyes or mouth. Mathematical and animal models, and intervention studies suggest that contact transmission is the most important route in some scenarios. Infection prevention and control implications include the need for hand hygiene and personal protective equipment to minimize self-contamination and to protect against inoculation of mucosal surfaces and the respiratory tract, and enhanced surface cleaning and disinfection in healthcare settings.

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Section: Survival On Dry Surfacesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission of SARS and MERS coronaviruses and influenza virus in healthcare settings: the possible role of dry surface contamination

Otter

Donskey²,

Yezli³

et al. 2016

Journal of Hospital Infection

713

623

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In addition, the environmental stability of MERS‐CoV provides some information on the potential for fomite transmission. At low temperatures and humidity, both MERS‐CoV and SARS‐CoV virions retain viability on smooth surfaces much longer than many other respiratory viruses, including influenza virus H1N1, HCoV‐229E, and HCoV‐OC43 (Sizun et al ., ; Chan et al ., ; van Doremalen et al ., ). Thus, temperature‐controlled settings such as hospitals may be of particular risk for fomite transmission of MERS‐CoV.…”

Section: Mers‐cov Intervention Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The emergence of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus

2014

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On September 20, 2012, a Saudi Arabian physician reported the isolation of a novel coronavirus from a patient with pneumonia on ProMED-mail. Within a few days the same virus was detected in a Qatari patient receiving intensive care in a London hospital, a situation reminiscent of the role air travel played in the spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002. SARS-CoV originated in China’s Guangdong Province and affected more than 8000 patients in 26 countries before it was contained six months later. Over a year after the emergence of this novel coronavirus—Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)—it has caused 178 laboratory confirmed cases and 76 deaths The emergence of a second highly pathogenic coronavirus within a decade highlights the importance of a coordinated global response incorporating reservoir surveillance, high-containment capacity with fundamental and applied research programs, and dependable communication pathways to ensure outbreak containment. Here we review the current state of knowledge on the epidemiology, ecology, molecular biology, clinical features and intervention strategies of the novel coronavirus, MERS-CoV.

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“…Caves typically maintain consistent temperature and humidity profiles and lack ultraviolet radiation, all of which are important environmental factors influencing viral decay [29,30]. These abiotic factors, in part, contribute to the long-term persistence of the fungal pathogen Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the causative agent of white nose syndrome in bat colonies across North America, and potentially other human pathogenic bacteria in caves [31,32].…”

Section: Disease Ecology and Unique Traits Of Cave-roosting Bat Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Analysis of Viral Richness and Viral Sharing in Cave-Roosting Bats

2017

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Caves provide critical roosting habitats for bats globally, but are increasingly disturbed or destroyed by human activities such as tourism and extractive industries. In addition to degrading the habitats of cave-roosting bats, such activities often promote contact between humans and bats, which may have potential impacts on human health. Cave-roosting bats are hosts to diverse viruses, some of which emerged in humans with severe consequences (e.g., severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and Marburg virus). Characterizing patterns of viral richness and sharing among bat species are therefore important first steps for understanding bat-virus dynamics and mitigating future bat-human spillover. Here we compile a database of bat-virus associations and bat species ecological traits, and investigate the importance of roosting behavior as a determinant of viral richness and viral sharing among bat species. We show that cave-roosting species do not host greater viral richness, when accounting for publication bias, diet, body mass, and geographic range size. Our global analyses, however, show that cave-roosting bats do exhibit a greater likelihood of viral sharing, especially those documented in the literature as co-roosting in the same cave. We highlight the importance of caves as critical foci for bat conservation, as well as ideal sites for longitudinal surveillance of bat-virus dynamics.

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The Effects of Temperature and Relative Humidity on the Viability of the SARS Coronavirus

Cited by 899 publications

References 23 publications

Transmission of SARS and MERS coronaviruses and influenza virus in healthcare settings: the possible role of dry surface contamination

Transmission of SARS and MERS coronaviruses and influenza virus in healthcare settings: the possible role of dry surface contamination

The emergence of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus

A Comparative Analysis of Viral Richness and Viral Sharing in Cave-Roosting Bats

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