The Effects of Stand Thinning and Artificial Shading on Epicormic Bud Emergence in Pedunculate Oak (<i>Quercus robur</i> L.)

Wignall, T. A.; Browning, G.

doi:10.1093/forestry/61.1.45

Cited by 31 publications

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“…We agree with Wignall and Browning (1988) that no light differences occurred at the beginning of the growing season. Therefore, the closure of the canopies was probably nearly equivalent in the three densities, leading to very similar epicormic shoot lengths, life spans and persistence.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…However, the differences were very low. This is not surprising: Wignall and Browning (1988) demonstrated that, before canopy development of a pedunculate oak stand, there was a difference of only 13.5% in the light measured at 1 m between two plots; one having been thinned from c.1600 to c.400 stems/ha and the other having been maintained at c.1600 stems/ha.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…To trigger bud break, changes in light conditions are not sufficient (Books and Tubbs, 1970;Fabricius, 1932;Wignall and Browning, 1988). Instead, the main factors that affect the propensity of individual hardwood trees to produce epicormic branches are related to stress: climatic stress, prolonged flooding or drought, unfavourable site characteristics such as unsuitable soil texture, excessive wetness or low fertility, stand conditions such as over-stocking or rapid release, stand-level disturbances such as storms, partial felling, attacks by leaf-and bud-eating insects, or incidence of diseases (Evans, 1965;Il'Yushenko and Romanavskij, 2000;Meadows, 1995;Spiecker, 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Initial spacing has little influence on transient epicormic shoots in a 20-year-old sessile oak plantation

Colin

Naeije

Druelle³

et al. 2008

Ann. For. Sci.

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-• Epicormics are important defects of oak timber which originate from suppressed buds placed early and develop into epicormic shoots depending on the light available, which in turn depends on stand density. In this context, our objective was to assess the epicormic shoots present in a 20-year-old experimental plantation of sessile oak and to test and quantify the effect of the three initial densities applied: 1333, 2667 and 5333 stems/ha.• In the 3 stand densities, epicormic shoots were mostly transient and were rarely clustered. A significant but negligible effect of the density on the epicormic length and on the variables related to epicormic counts appeared: the longest epicormic shoots were present in densities 1333 and 2667 while their means were significantly lower for density 5333. When considering the tree descriptors, the best explanatory models of the different epicormic counts involved their relative variations, especially the relative increment (RIV) in the product V = HEIGHT.DBH 2 . More precisely, emergence of epicormic shoots occurred particularly when trees fell below a threshold value of RIV = 0.26. Such trees belonged mainly to the two highest densities: 2667 and 5333 stems/ha.• When considering only epicormics, none of the tested densities can be recommended. Trees which bear the most numerous epicormic shoots will be naturally eliminated by stand competition. epicormic shoots / plantation spacing / Quercus petraea Résumé -L'espacement à la plantation a peu d'influence sur les gourmands éphémères observés en plantation de chêne sessile âgée de 20 ans.• Les épicormiques sont des défauts importants du bois de chêne. Ils sont issus de bourgeons latents déposés très tôt sur le tronc. Ils peuvent éventuelle-ment se développer en gourmands, selon l'éclairement qui dépend de l'espacement des arbres. Dans ce contexte, nous avons étudié l'effet de la densité de plantation (1333, 2667 et 5333 tiges/ha) sur le développement des pousses épicormiques sur des chênes sessiles âgés de 20 ans.• Dans les trois densités, les pousses épicormiques ne persistent pas et sont généralement isolées. Un effet significatif mais négligeable sur la longueur des épicormiques a été observé : les pousses les plus longues sont présentes dans les densités 1333 et 2667 alors qu'elles sont plus courtes dans la densité 5333. Vis à vis des caractéristiques dendrométriques de l'arbre, les modèles les plus explicatifs des différentes variables de comptage font intervenir la variation relative RIV du produit V = H.D130 2 entre les deux campagnes. Plus précisément, en dessous d'une valeur seuil de RIV = 0,26, l'apparition des pousses épicormiques est significativement augmentée ; les arbres dans cette situation appartiennent majoritairement aux densités les plus fortes 2667 et 5333 tiges/ha.• En ne prenant en compte que les gourmands, on ne peut recommander une densité particulière. Les arbres qui portent le plus de gourmands sont les moins vigoureux ; ils seront éliminés naturellement par la compétition. pousses épicormiques...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Initial spacing has little influence on transient epicormic shoots in a 20-year-old sessile oak plantation

Colin

Naeije

Druelle³

et al. 2008

Ann. For. Sci.

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“…Epicormic shoot formation is generally thought to be a response to a sudden light increase (Gordon et al 2006;Wignall and Browning 1988) or stress (Stone and Stone 1943). Epicormic branching can also be considered as a mechanism for re-establishment or maintenance of a functional crown (Deal et al 2003), in response to a physiological imbalance between photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic organs (Nicolini et al 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production and role of epicormic shoots in pruned hybrid poplar: effects of clone, pruning season and intensity

DesRochers

Maurin

Tarroux

2014

Annals of Forest Science

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Abstract• Key message Pruning one third of crown length in summer produced the least number of epicormic branches after two growing seasons. Epicormic branches can be removed without compromising tree growth.• Context The formation of epicormic shoots is often observed following pruning treatments, but their role in the overall tree growth is unknown.• Aims The objectives of this study were to examine how pruning intensity and season affect the production of epicormic branches and how their presence (or removal) affects tree growth and total non-structural carbohydrate reserves in the roots.• Methods Trees from four hybrid poplar clones were pruned in fall, spring, and summer at two intensities 1/3 and 2/3 of the crown length and an unpruned control. Produced epicormic branches were removed from half the trees.• Results Pruning intensity and season were the most important factors affecting the number and biomass of epicormic shoots while clone was not. Pruning 1/3 crown length in summer reduced the emergence of epicormic shoots compared to 2/3 and spring or fall pruning. Two years after pruning, the removal of epicormic shoots did not affect height or diameter at breast height of trees, and their presence did not restore root total non-structural carbohydrates reserves to unpruned levels.• Conclusion We concluded that pruning should be done in summer at 1/3 of the crown length to reduce epicormic shoot formation and to avoid decreases in stem growth. If epicormic shoots appear, they can be removed without compromising tree growth.

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“…The latter could be maintained as bud during several years, at least 40 years (Fontaine et al, 1999). Nevertheless, they could also develop into shoots especially after silvicultural practices like thinning (Wignall and Browning, 1988) or pruning (O'Hara and Valappil, 2000). In our case, the absence of silvicultural operations in both sites may explain the persistence as bud.…”

Section: Epicormics Are Mainly Budsmentioning

confidence: 57%

Epicormiques chez le chêne sessile âgé de 13 ans : un faible effet provenance et un effet légèrement plus fort du nombre de branches et d’unités de croissance

Colin

Ducousso

Fontaine³

2010

Ann. For. Sci.

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Ann. For. Sci. 67 (2010) Abstract• The provenance effect on epicormics is poorly documented and restricted to epicormic shoots. Our objective was to characterize the relationship between epicormics and provenance on 13-year-old Quercus petraea trees, taking into account their growth traits.• On the growth units (GU) studied, epicormics were essentially isolated buds (95%) and they were mainly located at branch bases, secondarily on GU limits and marginally on lateral position. Provenance effect was very small on the number of epicormics and slightly larger on the number of branches and GU limits. On the contrary, the growth situation -independently from provenance-proved to have a larger effect on the 2 latter growth traits.• Altogether, these results clearly show the predominant effect of morphological traits and thus of ontogeny. This opens important research perspectives: how growth conditions and genetics (at progeny and individual levels) influence height growth, setting and fate of axillary buds on the one hand and fate of epicormic buds inserted directly on the stem, or at branch bases on the other hand. • L'effet provenance sur les épicormiques est peu documenté et concerne exclusivement les gourmands. Notre objectif était de caractériser l'effet de la provenance sur les épicormiques présents sur des chênes sessiles âgés de 13 ans, décrits par des marqueurs de croissance. Mots-clés• Sur les unités de croissance (UC) décrites, les épicormiques sont essentiellement des bourgeons isolés (95 %), localisés à la base de branche, puis en limite d'UC et enfin en position latérale sur le tronc. L'effet provenance s'est avéré très faible sur le nombre d'épicormiques et légèrement plus fort sur le nombre de branches et d'UC développées. À l'inverse, un effet de la situation de croissance a été noté sur les deux derniers paramètres, et ceci indépendamment de la provenance.• L'ensemble des données obtenues montre une prédominance de l'effet des marqueurs morphologiques de l'arbre sur les épicormiques, et donc de l'ontogénèse. Ceci ouvre d'intéressantes perspectives de recherche : quels sont les effets des conditions de croissance et de la génétique (au niveau descendance et individuel) sur la croissance en hauteur, la mise en place et le devenir des bourgeons axillaires d'une part, et du devenir des bourgeons épicormiques, situés directement sur la tige ou en base de branches séquentielles d'autre part.

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The Effects of Stand Thinning and Artificial Shading on Epicormic Bud Emergence in Pedunculate Oak (Quercus robur L.)

Cited by 31 publications

References 0 publications

Initial spacing has little influence on transient epicormic shoots in a 20-year-old sessile oak plantation

Initial spacing has little influence on transient epicormic shoots in a 20-year-old sessile oak plantation

Production and role of epicormic shoots in pruned hybrid poplar: effects of clone, pruning season and intensity

Epicormiques chez le chêne sessile âgé de 13 ans : un faible effet provenance et un effet légèrement plus fort du nombre de branches et d’unités de croissance

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