The effects of some selected bacteria on embryos and larvae of the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica

Brown, Carolyn

doi:10.1016/0022-2011(73)90206-1

Cited by 42 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Besides this, many strains have harmful effects (e.g. Walne, 1958;Guillard, 1959;Loosanoff and Davis, 1963;Tubiash et al, 1965;Tubiash, 1972;Brown, 1973;Garland et al, 1983). And, indeed when occurring individually, most bacteria (diameter 0.3 to 0.8 pm) are too small to be ingested by bivalve larvae.…”

Section: Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological energetics of mussel larvae (Mytilus edulis). II Food uptake

Sprung¹

1984

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Food uptake of marine mussel larvae (Mytilus edulisL.) was estimated in relation to larval size, temperature (6, 12, 18°C) and food concentration (1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 40 Isochrysis galbana cells 1r1-I). Filtration rates were maximal at low food concentrations (between 1 and 5 cells 1r1-l). This was called 'filtration capacity' and expressed as a function of larval size. Ingestion rates reached a plateau with increasing food concentration above 10 cells p1-l. Maximum rates were called 'ingestion capacity' and expressed as weight and volume of particles passed through the gut. When previously starved larvae enter a food suspension of more than 10 cells p1 l , ingestion rate overshoots the ingestion capacity level for up to 1.5 h at 12°C. This is caused by filling of the gut, because it was not paralleled by a n overshoot of the filtration rate above the filtration capacity level Particles between 1 and 9 ktm diameter were taken up, with maximum retention efficiency at about 3.5 pm particle diameter.

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Section: Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological energetics of mussel larvae (Mytilus edulis). II Food uptake

Sprung¹

1984

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…In bivalves, most reports of bacterial disease have come from studies of cornrnercial species from temperate regions. The species include the American oyster Crassostrea virginica (Tubiash et al 1965,1970, Brown 1973, 1974, 1983, Brown & Losee 1978, Elston & Leibovitz 1980, the hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria (Guillard 1959, Brown 1974, Brown & Tettelbach 1988, the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis (Tubiash et al 1965, 1970, Helm & Smith 1971, DiSalvo et al 1978) and the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gjgas (Jeffries 1982, Garland et al 1983. In many cases, bacteria belonging to the genus Vibrio have been found to be the principle disease agents, but aeromonads and pseudomonads have also been implicated (Sindermann 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial disease of cultured giant darn Tridacna gigas larvae

Sutton¹,

Garrick²

1993

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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The role of bacteria in mortality of the planktonic larval stage of cultured giant clams Tridacna gigas was examined. Addltion of the antibiotic chlorarnphenicol at 5 ppm reduced larval mortality and confirmed the involvement of bacteria in disease prior to settlement. Syn~ptoms of bacterial disease were usually rapid and profuse bacterial growth on and in larval clams and disintegration of most tissues withln 48 h. Results of tests in which larvae were exposed to 10' bacteria ml-' suggested that bacteria belonging to the genera Vibrio and Aeromonas are often pathogenic to larval clams and that those in other genera are less frequently pathogenic. Bacterial isolates with characteristics most s~milar to V. metschnikovii , V. alginolyticus, V. harveyi, V . splendids 1, V. campbelli, V. orientalis and Photobacterium (Vibrio) damsela caused 100 % mortality. Mortality varied with different isolates of V. metschnjkovii , V. alginolyticus, V. harveyi and P. damsela, suggesting isolatespecific pathogenicity. The results are discussed in terms of current knowledge of bacterial diseases of cultured marine invertebrates.

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“…Dead larvae usually had tissues protruding from their valves and microorganisms swarmed around these individuals (Fig. 2b,c), a sign of bacillary necrosis (Brown 1973). The vela of larvae that survived challenges with the highly pathogenic strains were usually visibly deformed after 24 h. Malformed larvae that looked like detached vela (Fig.…”

Section: Morphology Of Oyster Larvae In Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenicity testing of shellfish hatchery bacterial isolates on Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas larvae

Estes¹,

Friedman²,

Elston³

et al. 2004

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Bacterial diseases are a major cause of larval mortality in shellfish hatcheries. Even with proper sanitation measures, bacterial pathogens cannot be eliminated in all cases. The pathogenicity of bacteria isolated from Pacific Northwest shellfish hatcheries to Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas larvae was investigated. We found 3 highly pathogenic strains and 1 mildly pathogenic strain among 33 isolates tested. These strains appear to be members of the genus Vibrio. Although there have been many studies of bivalve bacterial pathogens, a standard method to assess bacterial pathogenicity in bivalve larvae is needed. Thus, we developed 2 methods using either 15 ml conical tubes or tissue culture plates that were employed for rapidly screening bacterial strains for pathogenicity to Pacific oyster larvae. The tissue culture plates worked well for screening both mildly pathogenic strains and LD 50 (lethal dose) assays. This method allowed for non-intrusive and non-destructive observation of the oyster larvae with a dissecting microscope. The LD 50 for the 3 highly pathogenic strains ranged between 1.6 and 3.6 × 10 4 colony forming units (CFU) ml -1 after 24 h and between 3.2 × 10 2 and 1.9 × 10 3 CFU ml -1 after 48 h.KEY WORDS: Pacific oyster larvae · Vibrio · Bacteria · Pathogenicity testing · Shellfish hatchery Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 58: [223][224][225][226][227][228][229][230] 2004 genicity of bacteria isolated from bivalve hatcheries during routine monitoring and disease outbreaks. MATERIALS AND METHODSIsolates and reference strains. Bacterial isolates collected from Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas larvae (n = 16) and juveniles (n = 12), European flat oyster Ostrea edulis juveniles (n = 1), and hatchery environments (n = 4) from the Pacific Northwest of the United States (Table 1) were stored at -80°C in Marine 2216 broth (Difco Laboratories) with 10% (v/v) glycerol. Subsequently, they were shipped on dry ice from AquaTechnics (Sequim) to the University of Washington (Seattle, Washington). The following control strains were included in the pathogenicity assays: RE 14 (nonpathogenic or negative control), RE 82 (pathogenic or positive control), and previously described larval bivalve pathogens Vibrio alginolyticus American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 19108 and V. tubiashii ATCC 19106 (Tubiash et al. 1965, 1970). All cultures were maintained at -80°C for long-term storage.Isolates were grown for 24 h on Marine 2216 agar and incubated at 20 and 26°C in the first and second set of experiments, respectively. Experiments were conducted using sand-filtered Puget Sound seawater collected at the Seattle Aquarium (Seattle, Washington). Suspensions of the bacterial strains in filter-sterilized (0.22 µm) seawater were adjusted to an optical density (600 nm) of 0.2 to attain a uniform concentration of bacteria for the experiments. Bacterial density was confirmed by standard plate-count assays using Marine 2216 agar.Pathogenicity testing. Experi...

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The effects of some selected bacteria on embryos and larvae of the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica

Cited by 42 publications

References 9 publications

Physiological energetics of mussel larvae (Mytilus edulis). II Food uptake

Physiological energetics of mussel larvae (Mytilus edulis). II Food uptake

Bacterial disease of cultured giant darn Tridacna gigas larvae

Pathogenicity testing of shellfish hatchery bacterial isolates on Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas larvae

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