The effects of sleep restriction and altered sleep timing on energy intake and energy expenditure

McNeil, Jessica; Doucet, Éric; Brunet, Jean-François; Hintze, Luzia Jaeger; Chaumont, Isabelle; Langlois, Emilie; Maitland, Riley; Riopel, Alexandre; Forest, Geneviève

doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.05.051

Cited by 36 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…An explanation for this finding may be energy expenditure. Although energy expenditure increases with sleep restriction leading to greater intake [45], physical activity can act as an appetite suppressant [60,61]. Our findings suggest that, for wildland firefighters, physical work may lead to decreased energy intake in sleep restricted conditions, compared to working in sleep restricted conditions with the addition of heat.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…Further, that time of day (1230-1430) corresponds to the secondary window of circadian low when pressure for sleep is increased, and this biological sleep pressure would have been further exacerbated by sleep restriction [62,63]. Literature has shown an increase in snacking behaviour with increased sleepiness from sleep restriction [32,34,35] and with increased energy expenditure from sleep restriction [45,46]. Therefore, we may have expected that those in the sleep restricted conditions were more likely to consume the most kilojoules during this snacking period.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it is yet to be determined what the effect on appetite would be in hot temperatures after longer periods of physical activity, such as the activity that firefighters perform on-shift [16,41]. In addition to appetite, energy expenditure is increased in conditions of heat [42,43] and sleep restriction [44,45], and this is thought to impact energy intake [46]. Therefore, it is possible that the combined effect of heat and sleep restriction on energy expenditure may influence food choice for wildland firefighters.The first step in understanding the impact of food on firefighters' health and safety is to understand the food intake patterns of these firefighters, particularly when working in unique shift conditions.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Hot, Tired and Hungry: The Snacking Behaviour and Food Cravings of Firefighters during Multi-Day Simulated Wildfire Suppression

et al. 2020

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Firefighters are exposed to numerous stressors during wildfire suppression, including working in hot temperatures and sleep restricted conditions. Research has shown that when sleep restricted, individuals choose foods higher in carbohydrates, fat, and sugar, and have increased cravings for calorie dense foods. However, there is currently no research on the combined effect of heat and sleep restriction on snacking behaviour. Conducting secondary analyses from a larger study, the current study aimed to investigate the impact of heat and sleep restriction on snacking behaviour and food cravings. Sixty-six firefighters completed three days of simulated physically demanding firefighting work and were randomly allocated to either the control (n = 18, CON; 19 • C, 8 h sleep opportunity), sleep restricted (n = 16, SR; 19 • C, 4-h sleep opportunity), hot (n = 18, HOT; 33 • C, 8 h sleep opportunity), or hot and sleep restricted (n = 14 HOT + SR; 33 • C, 4-h sleep opportunity) condition. During rest periods firefighters were able to self-select sweet, savoury, or healthy snacks from a ration pack and were asked to rate their hunger, fullness, and cravings every two hours (eating block). Mixed model analyses revealed no difference in total energy intake between conditions, however there was a significant interaction between eating block and condition, with those in the CON, HOT, and HOT + SR condition consuming significantly more energy between 1230 and 1430 compared to the SR condition (p = 0.002). Sleep restriction and heat did not impact feelings of hunger and fullness across the day, and did not lead to greater cravings for snacks, with no differences between conditions. These findings suggest that under various simulated firefighting conditions, it is not the amount of food that differs but the timing of food intake, with those that are required to work in hot conditions while sleep restricted more likely to consume food between 1230 and 1430. This has potential implications for the time of day in which a greater amount of food should be available for firefighters.Nutrients 2020, 12, 1160 2 of 18 over multiple days, and during this time experience a myriad of physical and emotional stressors, including extreme temperatures reaching 45 • C [5], rough terrain, sleep restriction, limited food availability, and smoke [4,6,7]. Of these stressors, heat and sleep restriction are particularly prevalent.During wildfire suppression, temperatures can range from mild to extreme 18-45 • C [5]. Performing physical work in hot conditions (30 • C) is linked to increased levels of acute stress, with studies showing increases in cortisol levels [8,9] and acute inflammatory responses [10,11]. The majority of research shows that the physical performance of firefighters is largely unaffected in hot conditions [12]. However, cognitive performance is negatively affected under hot conditions [13][14][15]. This is concerning given firefighters are often tasked with making safety critical decisions [4]. For example, firefighters must assess, re...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hot, Tired and Hungry: The Snacking Behaviour and Food Cravings of Firefighters during Multi-Day Simulated Wildfire Suppression

et al. 2020

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“…These findings are in line with studies showing most [23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30], but not all [30,31] neurobehavioral responses recover similarly after TSD or SR. Intake differences following recovery sleep may be due to variations in sleep duration, timing, quality and architecture. Notably, these sleep parameters, which may differ when recovering after TSD versus SR, have been shown to modulate the percentage of caloric intake derived from protein as well as other energy balance measures [35,38,39,40,41,42,43]. Future studies are needed to explore this and other possible mechanisms underlying recovery intake differences between SR and TSD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenotypic Stability of Energy Balance Responses to Experimental Total Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Restriction in Healthy Adults

2016

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Experimental studies have shown that sleep restriction (SR) and total sleep deprivation (TSD) produce increased caloric intake, greater fat consumption, and increased late-night eating. However, whether individuals show similar energy intake responses to both SR and TSD remains unknown. A total of N = 66 healthy adults (aged 21–50 years, 48.5% women, 72.7% African American) participated in a within-subjects laboratory protocol to compare daily and late-night intake between one night of SR (4 h time in bed, 04:00–08:00) and one night of TSD (0 h time in bed) conditions. We also examined intake responses during subsequent recovery from SR or TSD and investigated gender differences. Caloric and macronutrient intake during the day following SR and TSD were moderately to substantially consistent within individuals (Intraclass Correlation Coefficients: 0.34–0.75). During the late-night period of SR (22:00–04:00) and TSD (22:00–06:00), such consistency was slight to moderate, and participants consumed a greater percentage of calories from protein (p = 0.01) and saturated fat (p = 0.02) during SR, despite comparable caloric intake (p = 0.12). Similarly, participants consumed a greater percentage of calories from saturated fat during the day following SR than TSD (p = 0.03). Participants also consumed a greater percentage of calories from protein during recovery after TSD (p < 0.001). Caloric intake was greater in men during late-night hours and the day following sleep loss. This is the first evidence of phenotypic trait-like stability and differential vulnerability of energy balance responses to two commonly experienced types of sleep loss: our findings open the door for biomarker discovery and countermeasure development to predict and mitigate this critical health-related vulnerability.

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“…Data from two randomized crossover sleep restriction interventions conducted at the University of Ottawa (Ottawa, Canada) and St. Luke's‐Roosevelt Hospital/Columbia University (New York, USA) were combined for this secondary analysis. Study protocols were approved by their institution's ethics committees (the University of Ottawa Ethics Committee; the Institutional Review Boards of St. Luke's‐Roosevelt Hospital Center and Columbia University), and participants provided informed consent.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased energy intake following sleep restriction in men and women: A one‐size‐fits‐all conclusion?

McNeil

St‐Onge

2017

Obesity

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ObjectiveWe assessed the degree of inter-individual responses in energy intake (EI) to an imposed sleep restriction versus habitual sleep duration protocol. We also investigated participant (age, sex, ethnicity and BMI) and study (study site, protocol order) characteristics as potential contributors to the variance in EI responses to sleep restriction between individuals.MethodsData from two randomized crossover trials were combined. All participants (n = 43; age: 31±7 years, BMI: 23±2 kg/m2) were free of medical/sleep conditions, non-smokers, reported not performing shift work, and having an average sleep duration of 7–9h/night. Ad libitum, 24h EI was objectively-assessed following sleep restriction (3.5–4h in bed/night) and habitual sleep (7–9h in bed/night) conditions.ResultsLarge inter-individual variations in EI change (ΔEI) between restricted and habitual sleep conditions were noted (−813 to 1437 kcal/day). Only phase order was associated with ΔEI (β = −568 kcal/day, 95% CI for β = −921 to −215 kcal; P = 0.002); participants randomized to the habitual sleep condition first had greater increases in EI when sleep was restricted (P = 0.01).ConclusionsLarge inter-individual variations in ΔEI following sleep restriction were noted, suggesting that not all individuals were negatively impacted by the effects of sleep restriction.

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The effects of sleep restriction and altered sleep timing on energy intake and energy expenditure

Cited by 36 publications

References 27 publications

Hot, Tired and Hungry: The Snacking Behaviour and Food Cravings of Firefighters during Multi-Day Simulated Wildfire Suppression

Hot, Tired and Hungry: The Snacking Behaviour and Food Cravings of Firefighters during Multi-Day Simulated Wildfire Suppression

Phenotypic Stability of Energy Balance Responses to Experimental Total Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Restriction in Healthy Adults

Increased energy intake following sleep restriction in men and women: A one‐size‐fits‐all conclusion?

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