“…Several studies to date have measured levels of CA among students, sometimes before and after students have completed oral communication courses or modules, and found improvements based on taking the class or other pedagogical interventions (DiBartolo & Molina, 2010; Dwyer, 2000; Miller & Stone, 2009; Priem & Solomon, 2009; Rose, Rancer, & Crannell, 1993; Ruchala & Hill, 1994; Whitworth & Cochran, 1996; Yale, 2014). In addition, several studies specifically have found decreases in CA levels based on PS skills training, systematic desensitization, or both (Ayres, Hopf, & Will, 2000; Pribyl, Keaten, & Sakamoto, 2001; Rubin, Rubin, & Jordan, 1997; Schroeder, 2002). Allen, Hunter, and Donohue (1989) in a meta-analysis showed significant positive results for students’ decreased CA after the same interventions.…”