“…In animal models, methamphetamine (Acikgoz et al, 2000) and D-amphetamine (Frey et al, 2006b;Carvalho et al, 2001) also affected the activity of antioxidant enzymes. In addition, evidences of oxidative damage have been reported in the brains of metamphetamine human abusers (Fitzmaurice et al, 2006) and methamphetamine (Acikgoz et al, 2000) or D-amphetamine (Frey et al, 2006a) exposed animals. In catecholaminergic cell cultures, we have previously shown that chronic exposure to D-amphetamine induces a partial protection against H 2 O 2 -induced toxicity, which was suggested to be associated with adaptation to oxidative stress (Cunha- Oliveira et al, 2006c).…”