The effects of service offshoring on employment

Reshoring of services and employment

“…However, more recently, offshoring is also being measured as the proportion of imported inputs (II) relative to the value of production (Y), the latter being the most frequently used indicator in the literature (Campa and Goldberg, 1997;Díaz Mora et al, 2007;Cadarso, et al, 2008Cadarso, et al, , 2012Michel and Rycx, 2012;Castellani et al, 2013;Fuster et al, 2019).…”

“…However, short-term employment reductions are also produced, as jobs that are lost in the home country because they are replaced by the jobs generated by the activities transferred abroad. For this reason, the net effect of offshoring processes on employment is not determined theoretically, rather its assessment requires empirical estimations (Amiti and Wei, 20052009Winkler, 2010;Michel and Rycx, 2012;Agnese, 2012;Wrigth, 2014;Fuster et al, 2019).…”

“…These studies (Amiti and Wei, 20052009Winkler, 2010;Michel and Rycx, 2012;Agnese, 2012;Wrigth, 2014;Fuster et al, 2019) estimate a log-linear labour demand function based on a homogeneous production function with constant economies of scale (CES), including, as a measurement of services offshoring, the proportion of imported service inputs with respect to the total inputs used, in some cases, and the total output in others. The results are positive in some cases and negative or null in others, but always of a very small size.…”

“…It has been widely demonstrated 1 that the impact of the offshoring strategy on reducing employment is in some cases null and in others very small. This is also the case in Spain (Fuster et al 2019). However, it has also been shown that the strategy is competitive, as it improves the profitability of the companies and their exports (Martínez- Merino, 2017, 2019;Fuster and Martínez-Mora, 2012;Gandoy et al, 2018;Chiappini, 2012;Bogliacino, 2018;Moser, 2015;Wagner, 2011).…”

Modeling economic losses and greenhouse gas emissions reduction during the COVID-19 pandemic: Past, present, and future scenarios for Italy

“…Nobel laureate Leontief (1951a) originally introduced IOTs as a statistical tool to analyze his country's economy. They are widely used by national statistical offices ( Eurostat, 2008 ) to compute the impact of an economic sector on a national economy ( George, 2019 ), its employment rate ( Fuster et al, 2019 ; Gala et al, 2018 ; Garrett-Peltier, 2017 ), or, for instance, to assess the effect of the introduction of a new policy ( Liu et al, 2009 ; Zanchetta Borghi, 2017 ). Recently, the IOTs have been applied on a multi-regional scale ( Zhou et al, 2018 ; Faturay et al, 2020 ; Bolea et al, 2021 ; Fan and Liu, 2021 ) using the multi-regional IOT (MRIO) on the evaluation of environmental impact through the environmental extended (EIO) ( De Haan and Keuning, 1996 ) or physical (PIOTs) ( Hubacek and Sun, 2001 ; Dietzenbacher et al, 2009 ; Wachs and Singh, 2018 ) IOTs and on the expansion of the boundary conditions of life cycle assessment (LCA) studies through the IO-based hybrid-LCA ( Wang et al, 2020 ).…”