“…Older Vietnamese immigrants are at particularly high risk for physical and mental distress as a result of migrating later in life (age >55 years) and because of premigration trauma suffered when they were in communist labor camps and refugee camps. A high prevalence of depression and posttraumatic stress syndrome as a result of torture and imprisonment has been documented (Buchwald, Manson, Dinges, Keane, & Kinzie, 1993;Hinton et al, 1993;Kinzie, Boehnlein, Riley, & Sparr, 2002;Kinzie et al, 1982;Mollica, Wyshak, de Marneffe, Khuon, & Lavelle, 1987;Smith Fawzi et al, 1997). A total of 23% of Vietnamese women in a study in California were estimated to have clinical depression (McPhee et al, 1997).…”