“…This occurs when subgroups of the population use systematically different cut-offs when reporting their SAH, although they have the same level of ‘true health’ ( Hernández-Quevedo et al, 2005 ). Studies have attempted to address this issue of measurement error by using objective health indicators ( Au & Johnston, 2014 ; Chen, Clarke, Petrie, & Staub, 2021 ; Lindeboom & van Doorslaer, 2004 ) and vignettes to adjust the scale ( Bago d'Uva, O'Donnell, & van Doorslaer, 2008 ; King et al, 2004 ; Xu & Xie, 2017 ). Since our data were collected during the COVID-19 pandemic, it was impossible for us to use objective measures of health or vignettes.…”