The Effects of Rice Husk Particles Size as A Reinforcement Component on Resin-Based Brake Pad Performance: From Literature Review on the Use of Agricultural Waste as A Reinforcement Material, Chemical Polymerization Reaction of Epoxy Resin, to Experiments

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the effect of rice husks’ particle size on resin-based brake pad performance (i.e. compressive strength, puncture strength, mass loss, wear rate, friction coefficient, and heat resistance). Bisphenol A-epichlorohydrin and cycloaliphatic amine were mixed to form resin and used as the brake pad's base material. In the experiment, rice husk with a specific particle size (i.e., 250, 500, dan 1000 μm) was added to the resin. Rice husk has received considerable interest due to its lignin, cellulose, and silica content, making it suitable as friction material due to its ceramic-like behavior. The experimental results showed small rice husk particles improved compressive strength, puncture strength, and bulk density. This can be obtained from the analysis of the maximum compressive strength for brake pad supported by particles with sizes of 250, 500, and 1000 μm having values of 0.238; 0.173; and 0.144 MPa, respectively. In contrast, large particles formed coarse surfaces and pores, decreased mass loss rate, and improve friction properties (i.e. wear rate, friction coefficient). The friction coefficient values of brake pad supported by particles with sizes of 250, 500, and 1000 µm were, respectively, 0.2075; 0.2070; and 0.3379. Particle size affected interpacking, interfacial bonding, pores number and size, thermal softening, mechanical properties, and friction properties of the brake pad. Comparison between the prepared resin-based and commercial brake pad was also done, confirming the utilization of agro-waste as a potential alternative for friction material in the brake pad.

Overview of the Important Factors Influencing the Performance of Eco-Friendly Brake Pads

“…Reduced particle size and also less mass loss meant fewer pores, a higher friction coefficient, better wear rate, and a coarser brake pad surface. Agro-waste, such as rice husks, can be utilized as a substitute for friction material in brake pads [ 55 ].…”

Determining Crispness Level of Dry Food through Its Compressive Strain Energy

“…The cross-section area of the object was assumed to be in an elliptical shape, which has major and minor diameters (Figure 1). This approach was taken due to the homogeneity of the shape of samples (Triawan et al, 2021) (Nandiyanto et al, 2021). Therefore, the engineering stress formula can be written as:…”

“…In the scope of material science and engineering, every material has its own mechanical properties, including the properties that are obtained from the stress and strain curve, such as the stiffness, tensile and compressive strengths, and toughness (Triawan, Nandiyanto, Suryani, Fiandini, & Budiman, 2021) (Nandiyanto et al, 2021). Like other solid materials, dry foods, such as potato crisp, also has its own mechanical properties and behavior.…”

Bibliometric Analysis of Nano-Sized Agricultural Waste Brake Pads Research During 2018-2022 Using VOSviewer

“…Increases in Palm kernel shell particle size attributed to low density, high impact strength, low hardness value, low water resistance, and low oil resistance. [10] Palm Ash Epoxy resin, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), and metal filler…”

“…Current studies in the preparation of brake pads using agricultural wastes as a reinforcement component adaptation from table 1[10] …”