The Effects of Regional Trade Agreements on International Tourist Flows in the Middle East and Africa

Okafor, Luke Emeka; Khalid, Usman; Adeola, Ogechi

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-70171-0_15

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…In essence, appropriate policies need to be implemented to promote economic integration to facilitate greater tourism flows. Likewise, Okafor et al . (2021) assess the effects of RTAs on international tourist flows in the MENA and the SSA regions.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…In essence, appropriate policies need to be implemented to promote economic integration to facilitate greater tourism flows. Likewise, Okafor et al (2021) assess the effects of RTAs on international tourist flows in the MENA and the SSA regions. Their findings based on 171 source countries and 55 destinations from 1995 to 2015 reveal that RTAs have significant positive impacts on international trade flows.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the existing literature on trade agreements and tourism have essentially focussed on the effects of the European Monetary Union on tourism flows. Only recently, studies like Okafor et al (2021) have assessed the effects of RTAs on international tourist flows in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Their results show that RTAs have a significant positive effect on international tourist flows.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Has the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) negotiations impacted on tourism flows of member countries?

Fauzel,

Tandrayen-Ragoobur,

Seetanah

2023

JEAS

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PurposeUsing panel data for the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) member states, the present study explored the role of RCEP negotiations on tourism development.Design/methodology/approachA dynamic econometric model, namely the panel autoregressive dynamic lag model (PARDL) has been used. To test for panel causality, Dumitrescu–Hurlin panel causality tests were used.FindingsThrough the use of a dynamic econometric model, namely the PARDL, the results show that the RCEP negotiations, growth rates, as well as international trade contribute towards tourism development. Furthermore, the Dumitrescu–Hurlin panel causality tests confirm the existence of a bidirectional causal link between tourism development and RCEP negotiations. Finally, a unidirectional causal link is observed between tourism development and international trade.Originality/valueThis existing evidence on the topic seems to be very scant and limited to specific regions and particular regional trade agreements. This paper thus fills an important gap in the literature by advancing evidence about the effects of the RCEP on international tourism flows across member countries.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Has the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) negotiations impacted on tourism flows of member countries?

Fauzel,

Tandrayen-Ragoobur,

Seetanah

2023

JEAS

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“…Gravity models are widely applied in economic literature to model international trade flows, international migration flows, and foreign direct investment flows (Anderson and Van Wincoop, 2003; Bergstrand and Egger, 2007; Eichengreen and Tong, 2007; Frankel and Romer, 1999; Head et al, 2010; Gil-Pareja et al, 2007; Karemera et al, 2000; Khalid, 2017; McCallum, 1995; Rose, 2000). Similarly, gravity models are extensively used in tourism literature, specifically for exploring determinants of international tourist flows and studying tourism demand (Fourie and Santana-Gallego, 2013; Gopalan and Khalid, 2022; Khadaroo and Seetanah, 2008; Khalid et al, 2020; Khalid et al, 2021a; Khalid et al, 2021b; Okafor et al, 2021d; Okafor et al, 2021e; Santana-Gallego et al, 2016).…”

Section: Model Data and Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Do birds of a feather flock together? Analyzing environmental performance and tourist behavior using a gravity approach

2022

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This study examines whether international tourism flows are affected by differences in the environmental performance of origin and destination countries by conducting an empirical analysis with a gravity panel dataset of 169 origin countries and 157 destination countries from 2000 to 2015. Estimated results show that the difference between environmental performance of a country pair adversely affects international tourism flows. This implies that tourist behavior is particularly influenced by familiarity, behavior conformity, and the need for virtue-signaling. Results also suggest that better environmental performance of the destination relative to the origin, as captured by an overall environmental performance index or its sub-indices, lowers international tourism more than vice-versa. This effect potentially hinges on the tradeoff between functionality and the image of the international tourist destination. Policies that create an enabling milieu for sustainable tourism and environmental practices—such as ecolabeling and targeted advertising—would help attract more environmentally conscious tourists.

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“…The theoretical rationale for the use of a gravity model to analyze international tourism demand was postulated by Morley, Rosselló, and Santana-Gallego (2014). In line with studies on international tourism demand (Khalid, Okafor, and Aziz 2020; Okafor, Khalid, and Then 2018; Saayman, Figini, and Cassella 2016; Khalid, Okafor, and Sanusi 2021; Okafor, Khalid, and Adeola 2021), the model for investigating the effect of RTAs on international tourism flows for a cross section of countries is specified as follows:…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do Regional Trade Agreements Enhance International Tourism Flows? Evidence from a Cross-Country Analysis

Khalid

Okafor

Burzynska

2021

Journal of Travel Research

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This study investigates the effect of regional trade agreements (RTAs)—including preferential and free trade agreements, customs unions, and common markets—on bilateral tourism flows. We explore these effects using a panel gravity data set of 163 destination countries, 171 source countries, and 13,589 country-pairs from 1995 to 2015. This is the first large cross-country study to undertake such an integrated analysis using the gravity framework. Results show that all types of RTAs have a positive and significant effect on bilateral tourism flows. The overall indicator of RTAs that captures the combined effect of all types of RTAs on bilateral tourism flows is also positive and significant, on average, as well as when different regions are separately evaluated. These findings underscore the importance of strong economic integration in fostering international tourism flows. Policies aimed at improving a country’s economic integration with other countries can help promote international tourism flows.

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The Effects of Regional Trade Agreements on International Tourist Flows in the Middle East and Africa

Cited by 8 publications

References 40 publications

Has the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) negotiations impacted on tourism flows of member countries?

Has the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) negotiations impacted on tourism flows of member countries?

Do birds of a feather flock together? Analyzing environmental performance and tourist behavior using a gravity approach

Do Regional Trade Agreements Enhance International Tourism Flows? Evidence from a Cross-Country Analysis

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