The Effects of Protein and Supplements on Sarcopenia in Human Clinical Studies: How Older Adults Should Consume Protein and Supplements

Abstract

Sarcopenia is a condition in which muscle mass, strength, and performance decrease with age. It is associated with chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension, and contributes to an increase in mortality. Because managing sarcopenia is critical for maintaining good health and quality of life for the elderly, the condition has sparked concern among many researchers. To counteract sarcopenia, intake of protein is an important factor, while a lack of either protein or vitamin D is a major cause of sarcopenia. In addition, essential amino acids, leucine, βhydroxy β-methylbutyrate (HMB), creatine, and citrulline are used as supplements for muscle health and are suggested as alternatives for controlling sarcopenia. There are many studies on such proteins and supplements, but it is necessary to actually organize the types, amounts, and methods by which proteins and supplements should be consumed to inhibit sarcopenia. In this study, the efficacy of proteins and supplements for controlling sarcopenia according to human clinical studies is summarized to provide suggestions about how the elderly may consume proteins, amino acids, and other supplements.

Benefits and side effects of protein supplementation and exercise in sarcopenic obesity: A scoping review

“…However, recent review studies have indicated that protein supplementation alone may not lead to significant changes in parameters associated with sarcopenia [ 26 , 27 ], which contradicts the findings from previous studies [ 28 ]. On the other hand, a meta-analysis review has shown that exercise training alone or in combination with protein supplementation improved muscle mass, grip strength, reduced total fat mass, as well as waist circumference in individuals with sarcopenia [ 29 ].…”

Effects of a Multicomponent Preventive Intervention in Women at Risk of Sarcopenia: A Pilot Study

“…The daily recommended protein intake for older adults is 1.2–1.5 g per kilogram of weight, which will ensure a positive nitrogen balance, improve protein synthesis, and potentiate the effects of training [ 19 , 20 ]. However, protein sources should be provided by food, since protein-based supplements have shown discrepancies in terms of results [ 21 ].…”

Unveiling the Knowledge Frontier: A Scientometric Analysis of COPD with Sarcopenia

“…Oral supplementation with protein, micronutrients, fat, or a combination thereof has demonstrated efficacy in enhancing muscle strength and physical performance in these individuals. 25,86 While vitamin D has received more attention in the context of bone health, the role of vitamin K, often overlooked, presents a potential link between COPD, osteoporosis, and sarcopenia, with associations noted in cross-sectional studies. 87 Muscle dysfunction and wasting stand out as prominent extra-pulmonary effects of COPD.…”