The Effects of Prolonged Naso-Endotracheal Intubation in Children a Study in Infants and Young Children After Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Cochlear Implantation in Children 12 Months of Age and Younger

“…During this nadir in term infants, normal hemoglobin concentrations can be as low as 10.5 g/dl and, in preterm infants, can trough at 7 g/dl. As little as a 10% acute blood loss may result in hypovolemic shock (18). Scalp incisions and osteotomy sites can bleed sufficiently in this Auditory development scores as measured by parent reporting on the IT-MAIS or Little Ears questionnaire were assessed before implantation and at subsequent 3, 6, 9, and 12 months of follow-ups postimplantation.…”

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Upper Airway Obstruction after Pediatric Cardiac Surgery

“…1 Nearly forty years later, during which the field of pediatric cardiac surgery has undergone dramatic evolution, extrathoracic upper airway obstruction remains a well-recognized and potentially life-threatening postoperative complication. Most studies of upper airway obstruction in this patient population since this early report however have focused on the more severe cases that lead to extubation failure or tracheostomy.…”

“…Extrathoracic upper airway obstruction is one such complication for which patients undergoing cardiac surgery are particularly at risk, resulting from either pre-existing underlying anatomic abnormalities, operative injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve, or alterations to the airway associated with postoperative endotracheal intubation. [1][2][3][4][5] Upper airway obstruction can lead to increased work of breathing, derangements in gas exchange, and increased transmural ventricular wall stress, all of which are poorly tolerated by a recovering myocardium. Upper airway obstruction has also been implicated as important contributor to extubation failure, which has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality in this patient population.…”

Management of Cardiac Surgery in the Neonate

“…less than that which gives an airtight fit. If this precaution is taken at the outset, then the tube may be left in place for long periods of time (Battersby, Hatch and Towey, 1977).…”