The effects of pregnancy and lactation on hormonal status and biochemical markers of bone turnover

Móré, Csaba; Bhattoa, Harjit Pal; Bettembuk, P.; Balogh, Á.

doi:10.1016/s0301-2115(02)00237-3

Cited by 65 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…As reported [15], maternal calcium levels of all the three gestation stages in the present study were found slightly but significantly lower than controls but no difference among themselves, although some studies found that the serum calcium level did not change throughout pregnancy [18,19]. Calcium exists in blood in three forms-ionic, protein bound, and complexed in physiological equilibrium with one another and varied depending on the physiological, biochemical, and pathological variations [20].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Blood Copper, Zinc, Calcium, and Magnesium Levels During Different Duration of Pregnancy in Chinese

Liu

Yang

Shi

et al. 2009

Biol Trace Elem Res

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Concentrations of various trace elements are altered during pregnancy with changes in the mother's physiology and the requirements of growing fetus. The aim of the present longitudinal study was to learn the changes of trace element copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) of normal pregnant woman during different durations of pregnancy and establish the reference values of changes of statistical significance. Blood samples were obtained from 128 normal pregnant women during early (10-14th week), mid (20-24th week), and late (30-34th week) pregnancy and 6-12th week postpartum and 120 healthy unpregnant healthy women. The full blood concentrations of chosen elements were measured by means of an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Changes on levels of Cu, Ca, and Mg during all the three durations of pregnancy and Zn during mid and late pregnancy and postpartum were of statistical significance and new reference values of them were set in the present study. These new reference values will be helpful in assessing the health status of pregnant women with a socioeconomic and racial background similar to those of our study participants and give treatments to them promptly.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Blood Copper, Zinc, Calcium, and Magnesium Levels During Different Duration of Pregnancy in Chinese

Liu

Yang

Shi

et al. 2009

Biol Trace Elem Res

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“…To avoid the possible effects of hormonal status on bone structure during menopause and pregnancy (Peichl et al, 1998;More et al, 2003;Arvio et al, 2009;Villotte and Kn€ usel, 2013), only adult male skeletons were selected for our analyses. To avoid age and sex as confounders, we excluded women, children, adolescents and elderly individuals; additionally, we excluded individuals showing pathological changes that could affect the results, such as DISH, osteoarthritis or other arthropathies involving vertebrae and the major joints of lower extremities.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bone microarchitecture at muscle attachment sites: The relationship between macroscopic scores of entheses and their cortical and trabecular microstructural design

Djukić

Milovanović

Hahn

et al. 2014

American J Phys Anthropol

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The studies of entheses in bioarchaeology attempted to reconstruct the habitual physical activities of past populations. However, the studies of microarchitecture of the underlying bone are still lacking despite well-known potential of bone internal microarchitecture to reflect mechanical loading. It is unknown whether different morphological expressions of entheseal changes (ECs) correlate with the microstructural characteristics of the underlining bone. This study analyzed bone microstructural characteristics at the entheses. Our focus was on examining the possible successive nature of the three-stage scale of entheseal macroscopic changes by comparing EC scores with the microarchitectural features at the attachment sites. The study was based on the hypothesis that mechanical loading influences the microarchitecture of the bone at the attachment site. The bone samples were taken from 24 adult male skeletons from medieval cemeteries in Serbia, with different macroscopic expression score of EC. We evaluated the macroscopic and microscopic appearance of four entheses of the lower limbs (origin of the soleus muscle and the insertions of the adductor magnus, gluteus maximus, and iliopsoas muscles). The specimens were scanned using microcomputed tomography (Scanco µCT 40). Our data showed a lack of consistent correlation between stages of the macroscopic scoring systems with microarchitecture at the entheses, only cortical thickness was significantly different between EC stages. Analyzing relationship between trabecular and cortical bone microstructure we found correlations between cortical and trabecular variables only in Stage C. Results of our study suggest that macroscopic EC might not represent distinct successive phases in bone adaptation to mechanical loading.

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“…However, BF mothers nursing twins have elevated plasma concentrations of both PTH and 1,25(OH) 2 D compared with those nursing single infants (193) . Elevated PTH and 1,25(OH) 2 D have been reported in BF women relative to early lactation and to NPNL women during the later stages of lactation and after breast-feeding stops (83,95,109,113,115,144,190,191) , although the pattern is not consistent. The increases in PTH and 1,25(OH) 2 D may play a role in the replenishment of bone mineral postlactation through their effects on intestinal absorption and renal retention of Ca.…”

Section: Lactation and Postpartummentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Of the calciotropic hormones, PTH is reported to be either unchanged during pregnancy (67,109,144) or significantly decreased (13,39) . There is evidence to suggest that, following a nadir in early gestation, plasma PTH concentration increases during pregnancy relative to the first trimester (3,43,60) .…”

Section: Regulation Of Calcium Metabolism In Pregnancy and Lactationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calcium economy in human pregnancy and lactation

et al. 2012

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Pregnancy and lactation are times of additional demand for Ca. Ca is transferred across the placenta for fetal skeletal mineralisation, and supplied to the mammary gland for secretion into breast milk. In theory, these additional maternal requirements could be met through mobilisation of Ca from the skeleton, increased intestinal Ca absorption efficiency, enhanced renal Ca retention or greater dietary Ca intake. The extent to which any or all of these apply, the underpinning biological mechanisms and the possible consequences for maternal and infant bone health in the short and long term are the focus of the present review. The complexities in the methodological aspects of interpreting the literature in this area are highlighted and the inter-individual variation in the response to pregnancy and lactation is reviewed. In summary, human pregnancy and lactation are associated with changes in Ca and bone metabolism that support the transfer of Ca between mother and child. The changes generally appear to be independent of maternal Ca supply in populations where Ca intakes are close to current recommendations. Evidence suggests that the processes are physiological in humans and that they provide sufficient Ca for fetal growth and breast-milk production, without relying on an increase in dietary Ca intake or compromising long-term maternal bone health. Further research is needed to determine the limitations of the maternal response to the Ca demands of pregnancy and lactation, especially among mothers with marginal and low dietary Ca intake, and to define vitamin D adequacy for reproductive women.

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The effects of pregnancy and lactation on hormonal status and biochemical markers of bone turnover

Cited by 65 publications

References 33 publications

Blood Copper, Zinc, Calcium, and Magnesium Levels During Different Duration of Pregnancy in Chinese

Blood Copper, Zinc, Calcium, and Magnesium Levels During Different Duration of Pregnancy in Chinese

Bone microarchitecture at muscle attachment sites: The relationship between macroscopic scores of entheses and their cortical and trabecular microstructural design

Calcium economy in human pregnancy and lactation

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