The Effects of Plasma-Activated Water on Heavy Metals Accumulation in Water Spinach

Abstract

Toxic heavy metals accumulate in crops from the environment through different routes and may interfere with biochemical reactions in humans, causing serious health consequences. Plasma technology has been assessed for the promotion of seed germination and plant growth in several past studies. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the growth rate of plants can be increased with the application of non-thermal plasma, as well as to reduce the accumulation of heavy metals in leafy vegetables (water spinach). In this study, several kinds of plasma treatments were applied, such as treatment on the seeds (PTS + NTW), irrigation water (NTS + PAW) or both (PTS + PAW). The results of the study showed that the heavy metals accumulated in water spinach were affected by the heavy metals available in the soil. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) of Cd in water spinach decreased from 0.864 to 0.543 after plasma treatment in seed or irrigating water, while the BCF of Pb was low and did not show any significant changes. Therefore, the results suggest that plasma treatment may suppress Cd absorption, but not for Pb. In this study, plasma treatment did not help to improve the product yield of water spinach planted in Cd-added soil. In the future, fertilizers can be used to supply nutrients that are not provided by plasma-activated water to support the growth of water spinach.

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“…If you look at the high yield of water spinach, according to (Hou et al, 2021), the wet weight of a plant is very dependent on the results of photosynthetic accumulation in the plant. After the kale plant thrives, the leaves are green with many tillers, because the plant gets enough nutrients from the waste compost.…”

Advancements in Plasma Agriculture: A Review of Recent Studies

“…However, the effects of the treatment on antioxidant contents can vary depending on the specific heavy metal present in the soil, indicating that the interactions between PAW and heavy metals play a crucial role in modulating the antioxidant response. Ref [140] shows that treatment can be beneficial in reducing the accumulation of Cd in water spinach, but its effect on Pb uptake and overall biomass may not be as significant.…”

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“…The increase in growth parameters might be due to rise in concentrations of reactive RONS stable for a longer time in PAW. 8,17,68,69 reaction of the RONs in PAW with the seed surface may lead to higher water and nutrient absorption, as well as increased germination percentage, GI, and vigor index. 17,33,34,70…”