The effects of plant genetic variation and soil nutrients on secondary chemistry and growth in a shrubby willow, Salix sericea: patterns and constraints on the evolution of resistance traits

Orians, Colin M.; Lower, Steven S.; Fritz, Robert S.; Roche, Bernadette M.

doi:10.1016/s0305-1978(02)00144-8

Cited by 47 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Briggs and Schultz (1990), for example, found that faster growing genotypes of Trifolium repens also produced higher concentrations of condensed tannins. Similarly, Orians et al (2003) found extensive variation among willow genotypes in the production of phenolic glycosides, but did not detect trade-offs between growth and defense. While the results of these and other studies suggest that allocation costs are low, other lines of evidence suggest that costs are common.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Anecdotal evidence for age-specific costs in woody plants exists. In willows, tradeoffs between growth and defense were not found by Orians et al (2003) for saplings of Salix sericea, but in young micropropagated plantlets, suppression of PG synthesis leads to an increase in growth in Salix pentandra (Ruuhola and Julkunen-Tiitto 2003). Perhaps these studies indicate that tradeoffs are only evident when root growth is prioritized.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Growth and chemical defense in willow seedlings: trade-offs are transient

et al. 2009

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Many studies have failed to detect costs of defense and some have even found a positive correlation between growth and the concentrations of chemical defenses. These studies contradict the theoretical assumption that anti-herbivore defenses are costly-produced at the expense of growth and/or reproduction. Costs, however, may be transient and therefore difficult to detect. Here we tested the hypothesis that costs of defense would be pronounced early in development when root growth is prioritized (high percent root allocation), but not later in development. To test this hypothesis, we grew F(2) hybrid willow seedlings from five different families, and harvested cohorts of even-aged seedlings after 6, 7, 8 and 9 weeks of growth. Seedlings were divided into root and shoot tissue and shoots were analyzed for phenolics (condensed tannins and phenolic glycosides). We found evidence for transient costs of defense. The concentrations of phenolics were negatively correlated with total biomass, shoot biomass, and the proportion of biomass allocated to roots in week 6. After week 6, however, the concentrations of phenolics were positively correlated with shoot biomass and total biomass, while phenolics were uncorrelated with the proportion of biomass allocated to roots. These results, the first ever, to our knowledge, with woody plants, suggest that costs of defense were transient; specifically, costs were found in early development, when root establishment was a priority. Our findings suggest that studies should focus more on trade-offs early in plant development.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth and chemical defense in willow seedlings: trade-offs are transient

et al. 2009

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“…Altitude can also affect the genetic variation and lead to rapid evolution in alpine plant species (Geng et al 2009). Plant populations rapidly diverge in response to changes in soil conditions (Snaydon and Davies 1982), and a population's genetic variation is related to the level of soil nutrients (Orians et al 2003). At the same time, soil and eco-environmental conditions have a notable effect on a population's genetic structure along altitudinal gradients (Lazrek et al 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Markers associated with altitude and ecological factors in hexaploid Campeiostachys nutans (Griseb.) J. L. Yang, B. R. Baum et C. Yen and tetraploid Roegeneria nutans (Keng) Keng

Guo

Wang

Yan

et al. 2013

Genet Resour Crop Evol

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The genetic basis of adaptation can be unraveled directly at the genome level, without regard to selectively advantageous genes or traits. Genetic variation and adaptation of polyploidy in the evolution of plants is becoming an area of intense interest. Whether hexaploid wheatgrass species has higher adaptability to altitude than tetraploid or not needs to be proofed by population genomic data. A fluorescence-based AFLP technique was used to investigate the allele share of hexaploid Campeiostachys nutans (Griseb.) J. L. Yang, B. R. Baum et C. Yen and tetraploid Roegeneria nutans (Keng) Keng as well as the genetic variation and natural selection in 22 natural populations and their association with ecological factors. Of all the AFLP bands, 84.29 % were found in common between two different ploidy wheatgrasses. In addition, we found that hexapoid C. nutans had 1.45 times the allelic frequency and more large-sized bands than tetraploid R. nutans. After genetic analyses, the next factor examined should be the effect of altitude on genetic variation. There were no significant inter-population genetic differentiations, suggesting that distance did not contribute to spatial isolation. Altitude and soil nutrient availability might play an important role in maintaining the genetic diversity. A certain percentage of positive selection loci were discovered in total genome allele. Hexaploid wheatgrass with higher ploidy numbers can show strong genetic adaptability to adverse high-altitude condition because of its complex genomic background with an additional H genome, which supports our hypothesis. Though this evolutionary process is believed to be the driving force behind sympatric speciation, we cannot forecast that hexaploid wheatgrass species will diversify into two species in the long term, but believe that diversification under local selection helps to increase the adaptability to the changes in altitude.

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“…Estimates of genetic parameters from even well-designed common-garden or laboratory experiments may not accurately reflect the parameters affecting trait evolution in the field. Environmental factors, such as stress and competition, can change the observed genetic effects in experiments, compared with natural conditions, because genotype 3 environment interactions can affect additive genetic variances and covariances (Donohue et al 2000;Mutikainen et al 2000;Orians et al 2003;Osier and Lindroth 2004;Sgro and Hoffmann 2004). Statistical models for openpollinated trials often assume a common pollen pool and a constant degree of relatedness within families, which may be incorrect for species with correlated paternity or local spatial genetic structure, for example.…”

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confidence: 99%

Marker-Based Quantitative Genetics in the Wild?: The Heritability and Genetic Correlation of Chemical Defenses in Eucalyptus

Andrew¹,

Peakall²,

Wallis³

et al. 2005

Genetics

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Marker-based methods for estimating heritability and genetic correlation in the wild have attracted interest because traditional methods may be impractical or introduce bias via G 3 E effects, mating system variation, and sampling effects. However, they have not been widely used, especially in plants. A regression-based approach, which uses a continuous measure of genetic relatedness, promises to be particularly appropriate for use in plants with mixed-mating systems and overlapping generations. Using this method, we found significant narrow-sense heritability of foliar defense chemicals in a natural population of Eucalyptus melliodora. We also demonstrated a genetic basis for the phenotypic correlation underlying an ecological example of conditioned flavor aversion involving different biosynthetic pathways. Our results revealed that heritability estimates depend on the spatial scale of the analysis in a way that offers insight into the distribution of genetic and environmental variance. This study is the first to successfully use a marker-based method to measure quantitative genetic parameters in a tree. We suggest that this method will prove to be a useful tool in other studies and offer some recommendations for future applications of the method.

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The effects of plant genetic variation and soil nutrients on secondary chemistry and growth in a shrubby willow, Salix sericea: patterns and constraints on the evolution of resistance traits

Cited by 47 publications

References 42 publications

Growth and chemical defense in willow seedlings: trade-offs are transient

Growth and chemical defense in willow seedlings: trade-offs are transient

Markers associated with altitude and ecological factors in hexaploid Campeiostachys nutans (Griseb.) J. L. Yang, B. R. Baum et C. Yen and tetraploid Roegeneria nutans (Keng) Keng

Marker-Based Quantitative Genetics in the Wild?: The Heritability and Genetic Correlation of Chemical Defenses in Eucalyptus

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