The effects of ovarian hormones on regulation of energy balance in Zucker rats

Shaw, Melissa A.; Whitaker, E. M.; Hervey, E; Hervey, G. R.

doi:10.1677/joe.0.0980165

Cited by 10 publications

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“…The ultimate body weight appears to be independent of ovarian status. Additionally, Shaw et al (1983) reported that ovariectomy appears to have no effect on rate of weight gain. In the current study, ovariectomy at 21 days increased the rate of body weight gain from birth to peak weight.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The CBA/J strain of mice used in the current study is a special strain that looses its ovarian follicles by 1 year of age (Parkening et al, 1984) making direct comparisons with mice of other strains or rats difficult. Differences in results may be related to experimental design, as Shaw et al (1983) utilized congenitally obese Zucker rats. Clark and Tarttelin (1982) utilized Sprague-Dawley rats of the Simonsen strain and final data collection extended to only 15 weeks of age.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ovarian status influenced the rate of body-weight change but not the total amount of body-weight gained or lost in female CBA/J mice

Mason

Cargill

Anderson

et al. 2010

Experimental Gerontology

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Previously we reported that prepubertally ovariectomized mice that received young, transplanted ovaries at a postreproductive age displayed a 40% increase in life expectancy. To study this increase in life expectancy in greater detail, prepubertally ovariectomized and ovary-intact CBA/J mice underwent ovarian transplantation at 11 months with 60-day-old ovaries or a sham surgery. Life span was significantly increased in transplant recipients. Body weight changes of mice in each group were measured from the time of surgery (11 months) to death. Neither ovariectomy nor ovarian transplantation influenced the amount of peak body weight attained or body weight retained at death. However, the time (days) to peak body weight was decreased by ovariectomy and ovarian transplant recipients displayed a trend toward an increase in time to peak weight. In addition, ovarian transplantation decreased the rate of weight loss to death. These results demonstrate that ovarian status, examined by means of ovariectomy and ovarian transplantation, clearly influenced the rate of weight change, but not the total amount of weight gain or loss in female mice.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ovarian status influenced the rate of body-weight change but not the total amount of body-weight gained or lost in female CBA/J mice

Mason

Cargill

Anderson

et al. 2010

Experimental Gerontology

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“…The ability of oestradiol to increase activity is counteracted by progesterone (122). Activity, food intake, and body weight also vary with the oestrous cycle, with activity peaking at times when circulating oestradiol levels are highest and food intake and body weight are lowest (123, 124). Interpretation is made more difficult because locomotion is most often measured using running wheels, which have effects on activity and energy expenditure independent of energy balance.…”

Section: Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Central Neural and Endocrine Mechanisms of Non‐Exercise Activity Thermogenesis and Their Potential Impact on Obesity

Novak

Levine

2007

J Neuroendocrinology

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Obesity is an ever-increasing problem now that more than one billion people worldwide are overweight or obese (1). More than one-half of Americans are overweight, and the proportion of the population that is overweight, obese, or extremely obese continues to grow (2, 3). Developing nations are quickly catching up with more developed countries with respect to rates of obesity and related health problems (4). This trend cuts across ethnicity, age, gender, and education level (5, 6). Childhood obesity, which portends adult obesity and predicts health problems in adulthood (7), continues to increase (8). Obesity is associated with a slew of deleterious health effects and health-related risk factors, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, high cholesterol, asthma, arthritis, sleep apnoea, and cancer (6, 9-13), and is also linked with decreased life span (14), disability (15), and a lower in quality of life (16).Weight gain results when energy expenditure is inappropriately low for the caloric intake of an individual. The role of dietary intake and its underlying mechanisms have been the principal focus when examining the rise in obesity (17, 18). Obesity incidence has risen, however, even as dietary quality has improved or energy intake has been reduced (17,18). This circumstance necessitates a critical examination of the other side of the energy balance equation, namely energy expenditure. As illustrated in Fig. 1, total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) consists of basal metabolic rate (BMR), the thermic effect of food, and the energy expenditure of activity. Some studies find a decreased BMR in those predisposed to become obese (19)(20)(21). Even in these obesity-prone individuals, however, the decrease in BMR could not fully explain the positive energy balance incurred (19), and the energy expenditure of physical activity was directly implicated in the development of obesity (20). Smaller, tightly controlled studies lend little support to the belief that differences in resting energy expenditure contribute to the tendency of an individual to gain weight (22, 23). Next, the thermic effect of food contributes little to TDEE in terms of both absolute kcal ⁄ day and variability. This suggests that the remaining component of TDEE is likely to change with obesity and the propensity to gain weight, specifically the energy expenditure of activity. At the population level, sedentary behaviour has increased steadily as physical activity has decreased, and this corresponds to increased obesity and decreased health in both children and adults (22,(24)(25)(26)(27)(28). The current trend in the general population is opposed to communities with heavy physical activity demands, which show very low rates of obesity (29). Indeed, increasing physical activity levels may be the missing link needed to reverse the current obesity trends (18,22,24,25,27,30). The rise in obesity is associated with a decline in the amount of physical activity in which people engage. The energy expended through everyday non-exercise activity, called no...

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“…Many of the characteristics of the obese female Zucker rat are similar to those of ovariectomized rats, thus suggesting subnormal estrogen status. These characteristics include hyperphagia, obesity and above-normal lean body mass (Radcliffe and Webster 1976, 1979, Shaw et al 1983. Also, obese female Zucker rats exhibit decreased ovarian and uterine weights, functional sterility, delayed vaginal opening and ovarian cycle irregularities compared to lean female Zucker rats (Saiduddin et al 1973, Bray et al 1976).…”

Section: Evidence For Subnormal Estrogen Status Of Female Zucker Ratsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth and protein metabolism in exercised, estrogen-fed and developing female Zucker rats

VandeVoort

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Statement of Rationale Experiment 1: Effects of exercise on growth and 3-methyIhistidine excretion of female Zucker rats Experiment 2: Effects of ethynyl estradiol on body composition growth and muscle protein catabolism of female Zucker rats Experiment 3: Development and protein metabolism of female Zucker rats 4 REVIEW OF LITERATURE The Zucker Rat as a Model of Obesity Relationship of hyperphagia and body protein content to the obesity of the Zucker rat 7 Evidence for Subnormal Estrogen Status of Female Zucker Rats ... 10 Protein Turnover in Rats 12 Protein synthesis 13 Regulation of protein synthesis 13 Measurement of protein synthesis 14 Protein degradation and 3-methylhistidine excretion 15 Urinary 3-MH as an indicator of skeletal muscle catabolism. . 16 Protein Metabolism in the Zucker Rat 17 Exercise Studies in Rats 19 Food intake and body composition of treadmill exercised rats 20 Effects of exercise on protein turnover in rats 21 Effects of exercise on food intake and body composition of Zucker rats 23 Interrelationship of Protein Metabolism, Corticosterone and Obesity in the Zucker Rat 25 Effects of corticosterone in normal rats 25 Relationships of corticosterone to the obesity of the Zucker rat 27 Effect of adrenalectomy on the obese Zucker rat 28 EXPERIMENT 1: EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON GROWTH AND 3-METHYLHISTIDINE EXCRETION OF FEMALE ZUCKER RATS Introduction iii Methods Results Weight gain and food intake Body composition and organ weights Urinary 3-methylhistidine Discussion Weight gain and food intake Body composition and organ weights Urinary 3-methylhistidine EXPERIMENT 2: EFFECTS OF ETHYNYL ESTRADIOL ON BODY COMPOSITION, GROWTH AND 3-METHYLHISTIDINE EXCRETION OF FEMALE ZUCKER RATS .... Introduction 49 Methods 50 Results 52 Body weight and weight gain 52 Body composition and organ weights 52 Urinary 3-methylhistidine excretion 54 Discussion 54 Body weight and weight gain 54 Body composition and organ weights 58 Urinary 3-methylhistidine 69 EXPERIMENT 3: DEVELOPMENT AND PROTEIN METABOLISM OF FEMALE ZUCKER RATS 71 Discussion 76 Body composition 76 Incorporation of ^H-phenylalanine 84 Urinary 3-methylhistidine excretion 86 GENERAL DISCUSSION 89

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The effects of ovarian hormones on regulation of energy balance in Zucker rats

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Ovarian status influenced the rate of body-weight change but not the total amount of body-weight gained or lost in female CBA/J mice

Ovarian status influenced the rate of body-weight change but not the total amount of body-weight gained or lost in female CBA/J mice

Central Neural and Endocrine Mechanisms of Non‐Exercise Activity Thermogenesis and Their Potential Impact on Obesity

Growth and protein metabolism in exercised, estrogen-fed and developing female Zucker rats

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